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Education, Advocacy and Activism

Free training, tools and resources for journalists, advocates, activists and campaigns, with a focus on Idaho transparency, civic data and liberty.

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📜 Training: Constitution and Foundations

66 learning modules, 2 games. This page updates itself when items move between sections.

The founding documents and the ideas behind them. U.S. Constitution Training walks clause by clause through the text and the court cases, with Constitutional Firsts, the 17th Amendment and the Idaho Constitution as companions. Liberty and the Republic and The Two Liberties cover natural law, ordered liberty, economics and the founders. Blackstone's Commentaries and the Reading Library hold the full texts. Constitution Trivia and Who Said It? quiz the material.

In this section
  1. U.S. Constitution Training Learning Module
  2. Liberty and the Republic Learning Module
  3. The Two Liberties Learning Module
  4. The Constitution and the 17th Amendment Learning Module
  5. Constitutional Firsts Learning Module
  6. The Idaho Constitution: How Idaho's Own Charter Really Works Learning Module
  7. How Laws and Rules Get Made Learning Module
  8. The Principles of Liberty: The Garden to the Republic Learning Module
  9. Economic Systems: Capitalism, Mercantilism, Socialism and Communism Learning Module
  10. Ordered Liberty: Civil Anti-Authoritarianism and Resistance Learning Module
  11. The Founding of the Republic Learning Module
  12. People of the Revolutionary War Learning Module
  13. People of the Constitution Learning Module
  14. Culture Comes First: Francis Schaeffer, Western Culture and Politics Downstream Learning Module
  15. Art, Music and Writing from the Revolution to the Civil War Learning Module
  16. Ideas and Values Since the Enlightenment Learning Module
  17. The Two Liberties and How to Identify Counterfeit Liberty Learning Module
  18. Economic Thinkers: Friedman, Hayek, Mises and the Free-Market Schools Learning Module
  19. Art and Politics in the 20th and 21st Centuries Learning Module
  20. The Constitution and the 17th Amendment: History, Federalism and the Debate Today Learning Module
  21. Perot, the Libertarians and the Pauls: Third Paths in American Politics Learning Module
  22. The Liberty Political Matrix: Beyond Left and Right Learning Module
  23. Idaho's Radicals and Extremists: Socialists, Communists, Nazis and the White Supremacist Movement, 1892 to 2026 Learning Module
  24. Institutionalism - Origins Learning Module
  25. U.S. Constitution: From the Charters to Philadelphia Learning Module
  26. U.S. Constitution: Article I: Congress Learning Module
  27. U.S. Constitution: Article II: The President Learning Module
  28. U.S. Constitution: Article III: The Courts Learning Module
  29. U.S. Constitution: Federalism and the States Learning Module
  30. U.S. Constitution: Amending the Constitution Learning Module
  31. U.S. Constitution: The First Amendment Learning Module
  32. U.S. Constitution: The Second Amendment Learning Module
  33. U.S. Constitution: Search, Due Process and Fair Trials Learning Module
  34. U.S. Constitution: The Civil War Amendments Learning Module
  35. U.S. Constitution: Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments Learning Module
  36. U.S. Constitution: Reading the Constitution Learning Module
  37. U.S. Constitution: The Preamble Learning Module
  38. U.S. Constitution: Article IV: The States and the Union Learning Module
  39. U.S. Constitution: Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath Learning Module
  40. U.S. Constitution: Article VII: Ratification Learning Module
  41. U.S. Constitution: The Third Amendment Learning Module
  42. U.S. Constitution: The Fourth Amendment Learning Module
  43. U.S. Constitution: The Fifth Amendment Learning Module
  44. U.S. Constitution: The Sixth Amendment Learning Module
  45. U.S. Constitution: The Seventh Amendment Learning Module
  46. U.S. Constitution: The Eighth Amendment Learning Module
  47. U.S. Constitution: The Ninth Amendment Learning Module
  48. U.S. Constitution: The Tenth Amendment Learning Module
  49. U.S. Constitution: The Eleventh Amendment Learning Module
  50. U.S. Constitution: The Twelfth Amendment Learning Module
  51. U.S. Constitution: The Thirteenth Amendment Learning Module
  52. U.S. Constitution: The Fourteenth Amendment Learning Module
  53. U.S. Constitution: The Fifteenth Amendment Learning Module
  54. U.S. Constitution: The Sixteenth Amendment Learning Module
  55. U.S. Constitution: The Eighteenth Amendment Learning Module
  56. U.S. Constitution: The Nineteenth Amendment Learning Module
  57. U.S. Constitution: The Twentieth Amendment Learning Module
  58. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-First Amendment Learning Module
  59. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Second Amendment Learning Module
  60. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Third Amendment Learning Module
  61. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Fourth Amendment Learning Module
  62. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Fifth Amendment Learning Module
  63. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Sixth Amendment Learning Module
  64. U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Seventh Amendment Learning Module
  65. The Declaration of Independence: How It Was Written and What It Says Learning Module
  66. The Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1789 Learning Module
  67. Constitution Trivia Game
  68. Who Said It? Game

📜 U.S. Constitution Training Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Twelve modules on the Constitution of the United States: the history behind each clause, the text quoted from the National Archives transcription, and the landmark court cases, from the Convention of 1787 through the Bill of Rights, the Civil War amendments and how to read the document. Footnotes, sources and a quiz in every module. Educational, not legal advice.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. From the Charters to Philadelphia Module 1
    The road from colonial charters and the failed Articles of Confederation to the 1787 Convention, its compromises, the Preamble and the ratification fight.
  2. Article I: Congress Module 2
    The House and Senate, how a bill becomes law, the enumerated powers, the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses, and the limits on Congress and the states.
  3. Article II: The President Module 3
    The single executive, the Electoral College, the oath, war powers, appointments and removal, pardons, privilege, immunity and impeachment.
  4. Article III: The Courts Module 4
    Judicial power, life tenure, jurisdiction, standing and political questions, and how judicial review began with Marbury v. Madison.
  5. Federalism and the States Module 5
    Article IV, the Supremacy Clause, the oath, the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments, preemption, and the anti-commandeering rule that matters to sheriffs.
  6. Amending the Constitution Module 6
    Article V, all 27 amendments by year, failed proposals, time limits, rescission, the convention debate and Idaho v. Freeman.
  7. The First Amendment Module 7
    Religion, speech, press, assembly and petition: prior restraint, libel, incitement, public comment at meetings, officials on social media and reporter's privilege.
  8. The Second Amendment Module 8
    English and colonial roots, the text, Heller, McDonald, Bruen and Rahimi, the Third Amendment, and Idaho's Article I, Section 11.
  9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials Module 9
    Amendments 4 to 8: warrants and digital privacy, self-incrimination, takings, counsel, confrontation, juries, bail, fines and punishment.
  10. The Civil War Amendments Module 10
    Slavery in the original text, Dred Scott, the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, Reconstruction, segregation, incorporation and Section 3.
  11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments Module 11
    How the vote expanded, the income tax, Prohibition, term limits, succession, one person one vote, and Idaho's 1896 suffrage fight.
  12. Reading the Constitution Module 12
    The Ninth Amendment, methods of interpretation, precedent and overruling, the Idaho Constitution, and the oath every officeholder takes.
  13. The Preamble Module 13
    We the People, the six purposes, and what the Preamble does and does not do
  14. Article IV: The States and the Union Module 14
    Full Faith and Credit, privileges and immunities, extradition, new states, territories and the Guarantee Clause
  15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath Module 15
    Prior debts, the Supremacy Clause, the oath of office and the ban on religious tests
  16. Article VII: Ratification Module 16
    Nine states, the conventions, the Federalist and Anti-Federalist fight and how the Constitution took effect
  17. The Third Amendment Module 17
    Quartering of soldiers, from the Quartering Acts to Engblom v. Carey
  18. The Fourth Amendment Module 18
    Searches, seizures, warrants, probable cause and digital privacy
  19. The Fifth Amendment Module 19
    Grand juries, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process and takings
  20. The Sixth Amendment Module 20
    Speedy public trial, jury, confrontation, compulsory process and counsel
  21. The Seventh Amendment Module 21
    Civil jury trial and the re-examination clause
  22. The Eighth Amendment Module 22
    Bail, excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment
  23. The Ninth Amendment Module 23
    Rights retained by the people, from Madison's draft to Griswold
  24. The Tenth Amendment Module 24
    Reserved powers, anti-commandeering and state sovereignty
  25. The Eleventh Amendment Module 25
    Chisholm v. Georgia, state sovereign immunity and Ex parte Young
  26. The Twelfth Amendment Module 26
    The Electoral College after 1800, separate ballots and contingent elections
  27. The Thirteenth Amendment Module 27
    Abolition of slavery, the punishment clause and the enforcement power
  28. The Fourteenth Amendment Module 28
    Citizenship, privileges or immunities, due process, equal protection and Section 3
  29. The Fifteenth Amendment Module 29
    The vote and race, enforcement, and the Voting Rights Act
  30. The Sixteenth Amendment Module 30
    The income tax, Pollock and the power to tax incomes
  31. The Eighteenth Amendment Module 31
    Prohibition: the only amendment repealed, and how it happened
  32. The Nineteenth Amendment Module 32
    Women's suffrage, from Seneca Falls to ratification
  33. The Twentieth Amendment Module 33
    Lame duck, inauguration dates and presidential succession gaps
  34. The Twenty-First Amendment Module 34
    Repeal of Prohibition and state control of alcohol
  35. The Twenty-Second Amendment Module 35
    Presidential term limits
  36. The Twenty-Third Amendment Module 36
    Electoral votes for the District of Columbia
  37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment Module 37
    The poll tax ban and Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
  38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment Module 38
    Presidential disability and succession
  39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment Module 39
    The 18-year-old vote and Oregon v. Mitchell
  40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment Module 40
    Congressional pay, from 1789 to 1992
  41. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776 Lesson 1
    From the Stamp Act to Common Sense: colonial grievances, the First and Second Continental Congresses and the turn from reconciliation to separation
  42. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five Lesson 2
    Virginia's instructions, Richard Henry Lee's June 7 motion, the committee, and who wrote what
  43. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy Lesson 3
    The surviving drafts, Adams and Franklin edits, the changes Congress made and what was cut
  44. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776 Lesson 4
    The votes and delegates, John Dickinson, the secret journal, the July 1, 2 and 4 sessions and the later signing
  45. The Text, Clause by Clause Lesson 5
    The preamble, the self-evident truths, the list of grievances and the closing pledge, with the sources behind each phrase
  46. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions Lesson 6
    Royal, proprietary and charter colonies, then Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, North Carolina, New York, Massachusetts and the others
  47. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights Lesson 7
    Virginia's 1776 Declaration of Rights, George Mason, the state bills of rights and their echoes in the First Congress
  48. The Declaration After 1776 Lesson 8
    Publication and reading, Lincoln, Douglass, Seneca Falls, King, and how courts and citizens have used the document
  49. The Declaration and the Constitution Lesson 9
    How the two founding documents fit, the natural rights and consent theory, and the debate over what the Declaration means
  50. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781 Lesson 1
    Franklin's 1775 plan, the Dickinson draft, the November 1777 text, the land-claims fight and Maryland's holdout until 1781
  51. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause Lesson 2
    The text article by article: the name, state sovereignty, the one-vote rule, the Committee of the States and the amendment rule
  52. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power Lesson 3
    How the Confederation Congress met, voted, borrowed, fought a war, ran foreign affairs and made policy, with the day-to-day records
  53. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance Lesson 4
    1784, 1785 and 1787: surveying, new states, the ban on slavery north of the Ohio and the lasting precedent
  54. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion Lesson 5
    Debt and paper money, trade wars, Spain and the Mississippi, the 1786 rebellion and the call for reform
  55. From Annapolis to Philadelphia Lesson 6
    The Mount Vernon and Annapolis meetings, the February 1787 call, and how the Articles were replaced rather than amended
trainingconstitutionbill of rightsamendmentssupreme courtcase lawhistoryfoundersfederalismfirst amendmentsecond amendment

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🕊️ Liberty and the Republic Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Free courses on the principles of liberty from the Garden to the Republic: natural law, the common law and Blackstone, economic systems, Ordered Liberty: Civil Anti-Authoritarianism and Resistance, the founding of the United States, the people of the Revolution and the Constitution, and culture, faith and the arts. 8 courses, 86 lessons, built on the founders' own words, with footnotes, sources and a quiz in every lesson.

What is included: 15 modules and courses
  1. The Principles of Liberty: The Garden to the Republic 10 lessons
    Where the American idea of liberty came from, told mostly in the founders' own words: the Garden and the first law, natural law from Cicero to Aquinas, Magna Carta and the English charters, the common law, William Blackstone, Locke and Sidney, Montesquieu, and how the founders built all of it into the Declaration, the state constitutions and the Bill of Rights.
  2. Economic Systems: Capitalism, Mercantilism, Socialism and Communism 10 lessons
    How four economic systems answer the same questions about who owns, who decides and who gets what, drawing heavily on Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Adam Smith and Thomas Sowell, with the historical record of each system and the strongest criticisms answered. Each lesson ends with a short quiz.
  3. Ordered Liberty: Civil Anti-Authoritarianism and Resistance 10 lessons
    Pierson on ordered liberty: the shared duty to hold government accountable and to support legitimate government. What a breach of that order looks like, the Concord Principle of Resistance and its standards for self-defense and violent defensive resistance, and how Americans have answered breaches, from Lexington and Concord to slavery, the incarceration of Japanese Americans and the immigration fights of today.
  4. Economic Thinkers: Friedman, Hayek, Mises and the Free-Market Schools 10 lessons
    The economic ideas of Milton Friedman and the thinkers around him: Hayek and the knowledge problem, Mises and the Austrian school, the Chicago school, public choice, supply-side economics, and Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams. Each school is stated in its own words, tested against the record, and answered by its best critics. Each lesson ends with a short quiz.
  5. Institutionalism - Origins 19 lessons
    What institutionalism is, where it comes from and what it costs: a clear definition and the scholars who described it, documented cases from indulgences to the Boeing 737 MAX, and then the institutions Americans are asked to trust, era by era, from royal charters and admiralty courts through the territorial governments, the bank, the railroad grants, the regulatory commission, the Insular Cases, the New Deal agency,…
  6. The Founding of the Republic 9 lessons
    From colonial self-government to the first peaceful transfer of power in 1801: the road to revolution, independence, the Articles of Confederation, the crisis of the 1780s, the Constitutional Convention, ratification, the Bill of Rights and the precedents Washington set.
  7. People of the Revolutionary War 60 lessons
    Short biographies of men and women who fought, spied, financed and wrote the Revolution, many of them names most Americans never learned: soldiers of color, a woman who enlisted under a man's name, a Spanish governor, a Polish engineer and a Prussian drillmaster.
  8. People of the Constitution 15 lessons
    Short biographies of the people who wrote, fought over and ratified the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including delegates who walked out, Anti-Federalists who forced the Bill of Rights, and two Black Massachusetts residents who used the new language of liberty against slavery.
  9. Culture Comes First: Francis Schaeffer, Western Culture and Politics Downstream 9 lessons
    Why so many thinkers say politics is downstream from culture: Francis Schaeffer and L'Abri, How Should We Then Live? and A Christian Manifesto, the roots of Western culture in Jerusalem, Athens and Rome, the writers who argued culture shapes law, and what the idea asks of citizens.
  10. Art, Music and Writing from the Revolution to the Civil War 12 lessons
    The paintings, songs, hymns, pamphlets, poems and novels Americans made between 1765 and 1865: Revere, Trumbull and Stuart, Yankee Doodle and Billings, Common Sense and Wheatley, the Hudson River School, Emerson and Whitman, spirituals and parlor songs, abolition in print, and the Civil War in photographs and anthems.
  11. 📚 Ideas and Values Since the Enlightenment 18 lessons
    Francis Schaeffer's survey of Western thought and the thinkers around it: Kant, Rousseau, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Darwin, Nietzsche, Dewey, the existentialists, the postmodernists, and the later voices who answered them, with the criticisms Schaeffer's own history has drawn.
  12. Art and Politics in the 20th and 21st Centuries 10 lessons
    How editorial art, line drawings and political cartoons, photography, modern art and music have shaped politics and been shaped by it from 1900 to today: the cartoonists from Kirby and Herblock to Telnaes, the posters and murals, the photographs that moved laws and ended wars, the fights over Guernica, the NEA and the flag, the protest songs and the campaign-song lawsuits, and how to read, use and report on politica…
  13. Perot, the Libertarians and the Pauls: Third Paths in American Politics 10 lessons
    Ross Perot and the 1992 and 1996 campaigns, the ideas and history of libertarian thought and the Libertarian Party, and a fair analysis of Ron Paul and Rand Paul: what they believe, how they have voted, where they differ, and how critics from the left, right and center answer them. Each lesson ends with a short quiz.
  14. The Liberty Political Matrix: Beyond Left and Right 6 lessons
    Pierson's Liberty Political Matrix and his case that the left-right line is a false paradigm: where left and right came from, why one line cannot tell a constitutionalist from a statist, the two axes of moral grounding and relationship to institutional power, the nine behavioral categories, and how to use the matrix honestly.
  15. Idaho's Radicals and Extremists: Socialists, Communists, Nazis and White Supremacists, 1892 to 2026 14 lessons
    The documented history of socialism, communism, Nazism and white supremacist organizing in Idaho, from the Coeur d'Alene mine wars to the Aryan Nations, The Order and Patriot Front, plus full histories of DSA, 50501 and the No Kings coalition, their people, money, philosophies and Idaho chapters, kept in their own category. White supremacy, white separatism and Nazism are defined and kept apart.
traininglibertyordered libertynatural lawcommon lawblackstoneeconomicsfoundingrevolutionconstitutionresistanceculture

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⚖️ The Two Liberties Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Isaiah Berlin's two concepts of liberty, and a field guide for spotting counterfeits: those who just talk about liberty. 8 lessons.

What is included: 8 lessons and pages
  1. The Lecture at Oxford 18 min
    On 31 October 1958 Isaiah Berlin gave his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor at Oxford and argued that the single word liberty hides two different questions. Who Berlin was, what the world looked like that autumn, and how Benjamin Constant saw part of the problem in 1819.
  2. Negative Liberty 20 min
    Isaiah Berlin's first concept: liberty as the area within which a person can act unobstructed by others. Where it came from in Hobbes, Bentham and Mill, how the Bill of Rights is written as restraint, what Berlin himself thought was wrong or missing in it, and Jeff A. Pierson's plain name for it, liberty as protection.
  3. Positive Liberty 21 min
    Isaiah Berlin's second concept: the wish to be one's own master. How Berlin traced it from self-mastery to the divided self and the 'true' self, how an authority can claim to speak for that self, and how he read Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Marx. Then the best case for positive liberty in its own terms, and Jeff A. Pierson's name for its political, budget-bearing form, liberty as provision.
  4. Berlin's Warning and the Plurality of Goods 20 min
    Why Isaiah Berlin feared the corruption of positive liberty more than the abuse of negative liberty, what he meant by the retreat to the inner citadel, and his doctrine of value pluralism: real goods conflict, and liberty is liberty, not some other good wearing its name. The lesson ends with the first tool for spotting counterfeits.
  5. The Debate Since Berlin 20 min
    How philosophers answered Isaiah Berlin's two concepts: Gerald MacCallum's single triadic relation, Charles Taylor's exercise concept, Philip Pettit and Quentin Skinner's liberty as non-domination, and Amartya Sen's capability approach. Each is summarized in its own terms, with where it agrees and disagrees with Berlin.
  6. The Two Liberties in America 22 min
    Isaiah Berlin's two concepts traced through American and world documents: a Constitution built largely as restraint, Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms of 1941 and his second Bill of Rights of 1944, the Soviet constitution of 1936, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which holds both kinds of claims. Then a clearly labeled section on Jeff A. Pierson's covenant reading, with the strongest reply fro…
  7. How to Identify Counterfeits 24 min
    Lincoln's shepherd and wolf, Orwell's dishonest words, and a five-question field test for any claim of liberty: Isaiah Berlin's two questions, Berlin's rule that liberty is liberty, Jeff A. Pierson's question "freedom from him, or freedom through him?", following the power, and reading the text instead of the title.
  8. A Field Guide to Those Who Just Talk About Liberty 26 min
    Seven case studies, government and private, from several countries and decades, where the words praised liberty and the record added to someone's power: the 1936 Soviet constitution, the Berlin Wall, wartime prosecutions in 1918, Section 215 and the USA FREEDOM Act, Florida's Individual Freedom Act, the 1929 Torches of Freedom stunt, and Ring's cameras. Each is run through the five tests, followed by the reverse err…
traininglibertyisaiah berlinnegative libertypositive libertycounterfeit liberty

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🏛️ The Constitution and the 17th Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

A standalone special edition in 10 lessons: why the framers gave Senate elections to state legislatures, how those elections worked from 1789 to 1913, the deadlocks and scandals, the reform movement, passage and ratification, the text and the courts, Idaho and the amendment, the two sides of the federalism debate, and repeal and reform proposals today. Primary sources throughout.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. The Original Design: Why the Framers Gave Senate Elections to the State Legislatures 55 min
    Article I, Section 3 as written in 1787; the Virginia Plan, the June 7 vote for election by state legislatures, the Connecticut Compromise and the August votes on terms, qualifications and vacancies, all verified in Madison's notes; what the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists said about a Senate chosen by the states; and the related rules of equal suffrage, six-year terms, rotation and the original vacancy clause.
  2. How Legislatures Elected Senators, 1789 to 1866: Joint Ballots, Instructions, Contests and the Act of 1866 55 min
    How the system worked in practice for its first 77 years: concurrent votes versus joint ballots, the state rules, legislatures instructing their senators and the resignations that followed, the Senate judging its own elections from Gallatin in 1794 through Indiana in 1857, the New Jersey Stockton case of 1866, and the Act of July 25, 1866 (14 Stat. 243) that imposed one procedure on every state, what it required and…
  3. Deadlocks, Vacancies and Scandals, 1866 to 1912: What Went Wrong with Legislative Election 60 min
    The system's breakdown in the forty years after the 1866 Act: Haynes's count of 46 deadlocks in 20 states from 1891 to 1905 and the Senate Historical Office's figures; Delaware's seats left empty for years; the 1899 Montana election of William A. Clark and the Senate committee's unanimous 1900 report against him; the Lorimer case from his 1909 election to the 55 to 28 vote of July 13, 1912; the bribery record and th…
  4. The Reform Movement: Populists, Progressives, the Oregon System and the Race Rider 55 min
    How the demand for direct election grew from an 1826 House resolution into the People's Party platform of 1892, five House-passed amendments the Senate refused to vote on, the Oregon System that let voters bind their legislators, the state petitions for an Article V convention, the arguments of George Frisbie Hoar and the Senate's defenders, and the 1911 fight between Senators Sutherland and Bristow over whether Con…
  5. Passage and Ratification: 1911 to 1913, State by State 55 min
    The Senate's two votes of 1911, the ten-month conference, the House's vote of May 13, 1912 to accept the Senate's version, the enrolled joint resolution at 37 Stat. 646, the ratification race from Massachusetts on May 22, 1912 to Connecticut on April 8, 1913, the states that rejected or never acted, Secretary of State Bryan's proclamation of May 31, 1913, the first direct elections, and Idaho's ratification on Janua…
  6. The Text and the Courts: Three Paragraphs, Four Cases and Fifty Vacancy Laws 60 min
    The Seventeenth Amendment clause by clause: popular election, the qualification clause tied to the most numerous branch, the mandatory writ of election, the proviso allowing temporary appointments, and the savings clause. Then the cases that have construed the vacancy clause, Valenti v. Rockefeller (1968, affirmed 1969), Rodriguez v. Popular Democratic Party (1982), Trinsey v. Pennsylvania (1991) and Judge v. Quinn …
  7. Idaho and the Seventeenth Amendment: Legislative Elections, One Contested Seat, Four Deadlocks and a 1917 Statute 60 min
    Idaho's Senate elections by the legislature from statehood in December 1890 to the thirty-first ballot of January 1913: Shoup, McConnell and Dubois and the Clagett contest the Senate decided in 1892, Shoup's fifty-two-ballot re-election of 1895, Heitfeld's three-week fusion fight of 1897, Borah's election of 1907, Heyburn's and Borah's opposite votes in the 1911 Senate fight, Perky's appointment and Brady's ten-day …
  8. Federalism: The Case That It Changed Everything 60 min
    The scholarly argument that direct election of senators broke the Constitution's main structural protection for the states: who makes it (Zywicki, Bybee, Rossum, Amar, Hoebeke), the mechanisms they name, the Supreme Court's swing from Wechsler's political safeguards and Garcia to the anti-commandeering cases, and the federal spending and grant figures from the OMB historical tables.
  9. Federalism: The Case That It Changed Little 60 min
    The counter-evidence: how indirect election really worked according to Schiller and Stewart's roll-call data, what Crook and Hibbing, Bernhard and Sala, Meinke, and Gailmard and Jenkins measured before and after 1913, why the Oregon System had already handed the choice to voters, what wars, the New Deal and the Commerce Clause explain about federal growth, what the Senate still does for the states, and a scorecard o…
  10. Repeal, Reform and the Debate Today 65 min
    Repeal proposals since the 1990s and who made them, the state resolutions that passed and failed (Utah 2016, Texas 2011, Montana 2025) and the states that ratified late (Alabama 2002, Delaware 2010, Maryland 2012), the reform ideas short of repeal, the Article V arithmetic and the polling, what repeal would and would not do with today's parties and money, the strongest case on each side, and the course's figures: a …
trainingconstitution17th amendmentseventeenth amendmentsenatefederalismstate legislaturesidahohistory

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📜 Constitutional Firsts Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Supplemental training to the U.S. Constitution course, 12 lessons: the first case to test each section of Articles I to VII and all 27 amendments, the story behind it, and how the rule changed down to the leading case today.

What is included: 12 lessons and pages
  1. What Counts as a First Case 19 min
    How constitutional questions reach court, why some clauses waited decades for a first case, what the Supreme Court did in its first years (West v. Barnes, Hayburn's Case, Chisholm v. Georgia, Hylton, Ware v. Hylton, Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck), and a step-by-step method for finding the first case on any clause yourself.
  2. Article I, Sections 1 to 7: the Legislative Power, House, Senate and Bills 20 min
    The first cases on Congress's own structure: nondelegation from The Brig Aurora (1813) to Panama Refining (1935) and FCC v. Consumers' Research (2025); equal districts in Wesberry v. Sanders; fixed qualifications in Powell v. McCormack and U.S. Term Limits v. Thornton, and what Thornton meant for Idaho's 1994 term limits; the Elections Clause, House rules, the Speech or Debate Clause from Kilbourn v. Thompson, the O…
  3. Article I, Section 8: The Powers of Congress 20 min
    The first cases on each of Congress's listed powers: taxing (Hylton, 1796), spending (United States v. Butler, 1936), borrowing (Perry), commerce (Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824, through Wickard and Lopez), naturalization (Chirac v. Chirac), bankruptcy (Sturges v. Crowninshield), money (Hepburn v. Griswold and the Legal Tender Cases), counterfeiting, the post office (Ex parte Jackson), copyright (Wheaton v. Peters), war pow…
  4. Article I, Sections 9 and 10: Limits on Congress and the States 20 min
    The first cases on habeas corpus, bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, direct and export taxes, titles of nobility, the Contract Clause, state money, import duties and interstate compacts, and how each rule changed.
  5. Article II: The President 18 min
    The first cases on the Electoral College, removal, pardons, commander in chief, appointments, recess appointments, take care, executive privilege and impeachment, through Trump v. Slaughter (2026).
  6. Article III: The Courts 15 min
    The first cases on the judicial power, cases and controversies, judicial review, review of state courts, original jurisdiction, jury trials and treason, from Hayburn's Case (1792) to the World War II treason cases.
  7. Articles IV to VII: States, Amendments, Supremacy and Ratification 20 min
    The first cases on full faith and credit, privileges and immunities, extradition, territories, the Guarantee Clause, the amendment process, the Supremacy Clause and ratification, and how each rule developed.
  8. First and Second Amendments: The First Cases on Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly and Arms 19 min
    The first Supreme Court cases on each clause of the First and Second Amendments, the cases that applied those rights to the states, and the tests that govern today.
  9. Third through Eighth Amendments: The First Cases on Homes, Searches, Trials and Punishment 20 min
    The first cases on quartering, searches, grand juries, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process, takings, counsel, juries, bail, fines and punishment, and how each right reached the states.
  10. Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Amendments 20 min
    The first cases on unenumerated rights, reserved powers, state sovereign immunity and the Electoral College: from Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) to Printz (1997), Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe (1997) and Chiafalo v. Washington (2020).
  11. The Reconstruction Amendments: 13, 14 and 15 19 min
    The first cases on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, from United States v. Rhodes (1866) and the Slaughter-House Cases (1873) to Strauder, Yick Wo, Plessy, Guinn, Griffin's Case (1869) and Trump v. Anderson (2024).
  12. Amendments 16 to 27 18 min
    The first cases, or the lack of them, on the twelve amendments ratified from 1913 to 1992: from Pollock and Brushaber on the income tax to Leser v. Garnett, Harman v. Forssenius, Oregon v. Mitchell and Boehner v. Anderson.
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🏔️ The Idaho Constitution: How Idaho's Own Charter Really Works Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Idaho's 1889 constitution decides more of daily civic life than the federal one: school funding, local debt, the initiative right, the plural executive and the rules for how every bill must be written. This course explains how it really works, with the Boise convention record, the Idaho Supreme Court cases that shape it, the amendments on the November 3, 2026 ballot, and step-by-step guides to researching a constitutional question yourself. A module of U.S. Constitution Training, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. Idaho in 1889: The Boise Convention 19 min
    How 72 delegates wrote Idaho's constitution in Boise in the summer of 1889 without an act of Congress, what they feared, and how voters and Congress made it official. Includes a how-to for reading the convention debates yourself.
  2. Reading the Idaho Constitution 17 min
    A practical guide to the 21 articles of the Idaho Constitution: how sections are numbered, how to cite them, where the official current text lives, how to find annotations and older versions, and how Idaho's charter differs from the U.S. Constitution.
  3. Idaho's Declaration of Rights 19 min
    Article I of the Idaho Constitution compared with the federal Bill of Rights, section by section, with the Idaho Supreme Court cases that show where Idaho's protections match, differ or go further, from search and seizure to gun rights, victims' rights and the 2023 abortion ruling.
  4. Three Branches, Idaho Style 19 min
    How Idaho's Constitution divides power among a part-time Legislature, seven separately elected executive officers and an elected, nonpartisan judiciary, with real fights over vetoes, adjournment and acting governors.
  5. How a Bill Must Be Written 18 min
    Article III of the Idaho Constitution sets drafting rules every bill must follow: one subject expressed in the title, three readings, revenue bills from the House, amendments printed in full, no special laws, and rules on when laws take effect. Learn how courts enforce them and how to check any bill yourself.
  6. The People's Reserved Power 17 min
    Idaho voters reserved the initiative and referendum in 1912. Learn the signature rules, the 2021 Reclaim Idaho decision that made these fundamental rights, what an initiative can and cannot do, and how HJR 4 and the 2026 ballot fit in.
  7. Schools and the Constitution 19 min
    How Article IX of the Idaho Constitution governs public schools, religion and school money, and the school endowment, told through the ISEEO funding cases, the no-aid clause, the grazing lease case and the February 2026 ruling on the Parental Choice Tax Credit.
  8. Debt, Taxes and Local Government 17 min
    How Articles VII, VIII, XII and XVIII of the Idaho Constitution control taxes, state and local debt, city police powers and county offices, with the cases that decide when a local project needs a two-thirds vote.
  9. Changing the Constitution 19 min
    How Article XX lets the Legislature and voters amend Idaho's Constitution, how courts have enforced its rules, and a neutral walk-through of HJR 4 and HJR 6 on the November 3, 2026 ballot using the official text and Legislative Council statements.
  10. How To Research an Idaho Constitutional Question 16 min
    A step-by-step method for answering an Idaho constitutional question from the official text, the 1889 convention debates, amendment records, Idaho Supreme Court opinions, Attorney General opinions and legislative history, with two worked examples and guidance on writing a fair story or testimony.
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📜 How Laws and Rules Get Made Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Follow a proposal from idea to enforceable law in the Idaho Legislature, state agencies, city councils, county commissions, Congress and federal agencies, then read the documents yourself and speak up at the moment it counts. A module of Issues and Advocacy Training, 9 lessons.

What is included: 9 lessons and pages
  1. The Idaho Legislature: who, when and where 14 min
    The calendar, the two chambers, the committees and the deadlines that decide which ideas ever get a vote in Boise.
  2. From RS number to session law 16 min
    Follow a real 2026 Idaho bill through drafting, printing, committee, three readings, both chambers and the governor's desk, and learn the date math for vetoes and effective dates.
  3. Reading a bill and a statute 15 min
    Strikethrough and underline, titles, definitions sections, cross-references, Idaho Code numbering and session law history notes, decoded so you can read the law itself instead of someone's summary.
  4. Idaho administrative rules 17 min
    How state agencies write binding rules under the Idaho Administrative Procedure Act, from negotiated rulemaking to the monthly bulletin to legislative approval, plus what the state's rule-cutting campaign did and did not measure.
  5. City and county lawmaking: ordinances and resolutions 14 min
    How Idaho cities and counties pass ordinances and resolutions, what the three-reading rule really requires, when an ordinance takes effect and how local codes get organized.
  6. The federal process: Congress, agencies, the Federal Register and executive orders 18 min
    How federal bills become law, how agencies write regulations through notice and comment, where to find and comment on them, and the two big checks on agency rules: the Congressional Review Act and presidential executive orders.
  7. How courts interpret laws and rules 15 min
    General education on judicial review, how judges read statutes, why the 2024 Loper Bright decision ended Chevron deference, how Idaho changed its own rule the same year, and how to read an opinion.
  8. Ballot initiatives and referendums in Idaho 17 min
    How Idaho voters write laws and veto laws themselves: the steps, the signature math, the deadlines, the 2021 court ruling that set today's rule, and what is on the November 2026 ballot.
  9. Giving testimony and comments that count 16 min
    How to register and testify before an Idaho legislative committee, comment on state and federal rules and speak at a local hearing, with a structure that decision makers can actually use.
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📘 The Principles of Liberty: The Garden to the Republic Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Where the American idea of liberty came from, told mostly in the founders' own words: the Garden and the first law, natural law from Cicero to Aquinas, Magna Carta and the English charters, the common law, William Blackstone, Locke and Sidney, Montesquieu, and how the founders built all of it into the Declaration, the state constitutions and the Bill of Rights. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. The Garden and the First Law 22 min
    How the first chapters of Genesis gave English and American thinkers an equal human dignity, a law above rulers, and an answer to the claim that kings inherit their power from Adam.
  2. Natural Law From Cicero to Aquinas 24 min
    The long argument, from Sophocles and Aristotle through Cicero, Roman law, Paul, Augustine and Aquinas to Grotius and Pufendorf, that a law above the state binds rulers and ruled alike.
  3. Magna Carta and the English Charters 24 min
    How a failed peace treaty between King John and his barons in 1215 became the first link in a chain of English charters, from the Petition of Right to the Bill of Rights, that colonists claimed as their own birthright.
  4. The Common Law: Custom, Precedent and the Jury 24 min
    How English judges and juries built a body of law out of custom and decided cases, and how Coke, Zenger's lawyer and James Otis turned that inheritance into arguments against arbitrary power.
  5. William Blackstone 22 min
    How an Oxford professor's four-volume survey of English law, published from 1765 to 1769, taught a generation of Americans what their rights were, where those rights came from, and where he and the founders parted company.
  6. Locke, Sidney and the Right of Resistance 22 min
    How a philosopher in Dutch exile, an executed republican and a Boston preacher gave the colonists a reasoned case for when a people may lawfully resist their rulers, and how Jefferson later named them among the sources of the Declaration.
  7. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers 22 min
    How a French magistrate's 1748 description of English liberty became the founders' chief authority on dividing power, what Madison made of him in Federalist 47 and 51, and what a famous count of founding-era citations does and does not show.
  8. The Founders on Natural Rights 23 min
    How Otis, Dickinson, the Adamses, Hamilton, Jefferson and Mason moved the colonial argument from the rights of Englishmen to the rights of mankind, in their own words and in the order they wrote them.
  9. Rights in the Founding Documents 24 min
    How the principles of natural rights were written into law, from Mason's Virginia Declaration of 1776 and the state constitutions to the Northwest Ordinance and the Bill of Rights, with a table tracing each right back to its English ancestor.
  10. From Garden to Republic: Virtue, Faith and Self-Government 22 min
    Why the founders held that a free republic needs a moral people: Franklin's motion for prayer and its fate, the McHenry note on keeping a republic, Madison on virtue in the governed, Washington's Farewell Address, Adams to the militia, Rush on education, Tocqueville, and Idaho's own school clause.
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📘 Economic Systems: Capitalism, Mercantilism, Socialism and Communism Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

How four economic systems answer the same questions about who owns, who decides and who gets what, drawing heavily on Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek, Adam Smith and Thomas Sowell, with the historical record of each system and the strongest criticisms answered. Each lesson ends with a short quiz. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. What Every Economic System Must Decide 17 min
    Scarcity forces every society to settle what gets made, how, and for whom. A pencil from 1958, Lionel Robbins's definition and Friedrich Hayek's problem of scattered knowledge frame the four systems this module studies.
  2. Mercantilism 19 min
    For two centuries European governments treated trade as a contest for treasure. This lesson follows the idea from Thomas Mun to Colbert, through the Navigation Acts that irritated the American colonies, to Adam Smith's attack and the modern arguments over tariffs and industrial policy.
  3. Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations 20 min
    A Scottish professor who never married wrote two books, one on sympathy and one on wealth. Smith's pin factory, his butcher, brewer and baker, his single use of the invisible hand and his warnings about merchants and about government are read here in his own words, with the common misreadings corrected.
  4. Capitalism: Prices, Property and Profit 19 min
    Private property, voluntary exchange, prices, profit and loss, and entrepreneurs are the working parts of a market economy. This lesson draws on Madison, Hayek, Mises, Schumpeter, Kirzner and de Soto, and sets the American growth record beside the costs that critics point to.
  5. Milton Friedman: Capitalism and Freedom 19 min
    Milton Friedman's life, his 1962 case that economic freedom is a necessary condition for political freedom, his list of fourteen government activities he thought unjustified, and his proposals on schools, poverty, business and money. The lesson also sets out the best objections and states the Chile and Hong Kong controversy accurately.
  6. Socialism 20 min
    What socialism means (social ownership, the welfare state, democratic socialism), the case Mises and Hayek made against it, what happened in Britain, why Denmark's prime minister says his country is not socialist, and what the numbers show for Venezuela.
  7. Communism 22 min
    From the ten measures in the Communist Manifesto to Lenin's retreat, Stalin's collectivization, Mao's Great Leap Forward, Cambodia and Cuba, with the death-toll ranges historians give and the reasons central planning fails.
  8. Comparing the Record 23 min
    Divided Germany and Korea, Hong Kong beside mainland China, China after 1978, and Chile beside Venezuela, with GDP per capita from the Maddison Project Database 2023, life expectancy, the economic freedom indexes and an honest account of what such comparisons cannot prove.
  9. The Critics and the Answers 24 min
    The strongest cases against free markets (externalities, public goods, monopoly, inequality, the Great Depression, the 2008 crisis), each stated at full strength, followed by the replies of Friedman, Hayek and Sowell and the public-choice account of government failure and regulatory capture.
  10. The American Mix and Economic Freedom Today 24 min
    The United States as a mixed economy, measured: federal spending as a share of GDP since 1930, the Federal Register, tariffs, the farm and sugar programs, occupational licensing and Idaho's reforms, with a plain test for judging any policy.
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📘 Ordered Liberty: Civil Anti-Authoritarianism and Resistance Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Ordered Liberty: the shared duty to hold government accountable and to support legitimate government. What a breach of that order looks like, the Concord Principle of Resistance and its standards for self-defense and violent defensive resistance, and how Americans have answered breaches, from Lexington and Concord to slavery, the incarceration of Japanese Americans and the immigration fights of today. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. What Ordered Liberty Means 19 min
    The definition of ordered liberty as a shared duty to hold government accountable and to support legitimate government, set beside the Supreme Court's use of the same phrase in Palko v. Connecticut (1937).
  2. Legitimate Authority and Its Limits 20 min
    From Romans 13 and Jonathan Mayhew's 1750 sermon through Rutherford, Locke and the Declaration, what makes authority legitimate, where it stops, and how the civil anti-authoritarianism and the idea of a breach in Ordered Liberty grow from that tradition.
  3. Lexington and Concord 22 min
    The Powder Alarm, Gage's orders, the night riders, the fight on Lexington Green, the North Bridge and the bloody march back to Boston, told from depositions, letters and Amos Doolittle's 1775 engravings.
  4. Concord: Why the Resistance Was Lawful in Their Eyes 22 min
    The Massachusetts Government Act, the Suffolk Resolves, the Provincial Congress, the militia and the race to London with the depositions, and why the Concord Principle of Resistance is named for Concord.
  5. Slavery: The Founding Breach 24 min
    How a republic founded on the claim that all men are created equal wrote slavery into its law, how a few in the founding generation saw the contradiction, how ordinary people resisted the Fugitive Slave Acts, and why the Ordered Liberty framework treats slavery as the gravest breach of ordered liberty in American history.
  6. The Incarceration of Japanese Americans 22 min
    How the United States removed about 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry from their homes in 1942, held them in camps such as Minidoka near Hunt, Idaho, and how the Supreme Court, the public and later the Congress answered for it.
  7. Immigration Law and Order Today 24 min
    How American immigration law came to be, what the statutes and courts say a noncitizen is owed, where the framework draws the line between lawful protest and unjustified force, and the objections it answers, including the Idaho dairy case.
  8. Forms of Lawful Resistance 24 min
    The tools a free people has used to resist power without breaking the republic: petition, press, jury, vote, nullification, civil disobedience and conscientious objection, and the point at which resistance becomes the mob law Lincoln warned against.
  9. Self-Defense and Violent Defensive Resistance 28 min
    The core of the Concord Principle of Resistance: how it is built from the law of self-defense, the Five Core Standards of Innocence, Imminence, Proportionality, Avoidance and Reasonableness, its definition of violent defensive resistance, the ladder of protest that comes before force, and the cases that pass and fail the standards.
  10. Supporting Legitimate Government 22 min
    The other half of ordered liberty: what a free citizen owes a government that earns obedience. Washington on the duty to obey, Jefferson on accepting an election, Lincoln on reverence for the laws, and the framework's account of voluntary obedience, set beside the everyday duties of jury, ballot, taxes, service and watchfulness, and the life of Minoru Yasui.
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📘 The Founding of the Republic Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

From colonial self-government to the first peaceful transfer of power in 1801: the road to revolution, independence, the Articles of Confederation, the crisis of the 1780s, the Constitutional Convention, ratification, the Bill of Rights and the precedents Washington set. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 9 lessons.

What is included: 9 lessons and pages
  1. Colonial Self-Government 24 min
    From the church at Jamestown in 1619 to Franklin's snake in 1754: how English colonists learned to write their own rules, elect their own assemblies and hold the purse, and why Britain's long neglect let the habit harden.
  2. The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775 26 min
    Twelve years from the end of the French and Indian War to Lexington: the taxes, the Stamp Act Congress, the shootings on King Street, John Adams's defense of the soldiers, the Tea Party and the Coercive Acts, told from the documents each side wrote.
  3. Independence, 1776 26 min
    From the Olive Branch Petition to the signing: how Congress moved from begging the King for peace to declaring independence, what Common Sense did and did not do, what Congress cut from Jefferson's draft, and what Trumbull's famous painting gets wrong.
  4. War and the Articles of Confederation 25 min
    How the war was won, what the first American constitution gave Congress and withheld, how Washington refused a military coup at Newburgh, and why his resignation at Annapolis mattered as much as Yorktown.
  5. The Crisis of the 1780s 24 min
    Why a government that won the war struggled in peace: debts, paper money, trade barriers and Shays' Rebellion, and the chain of meetings from Mount Vernon to Annapolis that led Congress to call a convention, with the Northwest Ordinance as the Confederation's best work.
  6. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 22 min
    Four months behind closed doors in Philadelphia: the Virginia and New Jersey plans, the compromise that gave the Senate its equal vote, the bargains over slavery, and the September day when thirty-nine men signed and three would not.
  7. Ratification: Federalists and Anti-Federalists 21 min
    How thirteen states argued over the Constitution for thirty-two months: the Federalist essays, the Anti-Federalist replies, the Massachusetts compromise on amendments, and the close votes in Virginia and New York.
  8. The Bill of Rights and the First Government 22 min
    How the first Congress built a government from a blank page: Washington's inauguration, the federal courts, Madison's June 1789 speech, twelve amendments of which ten were ratified in 1791, Hamilton's debt plan and the argument over a national bank.
  9. Washington's Precedents and the Peaceful Transfer 22 min
    From the fight over what to call the president to the morning in March 1801 when one party handed power to another with no violence: neutrality, the Whiskey Rebellion, the Farewell Address, the Alien and Sedition Acts, the tied election of 1800, and the questions the founders left open.
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📘 People of the Revolutionary War Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Short biographies of men and women who fought, spied, financed and wrote the Revolution, many of them names most Americans never learned: soldiers of color, a woman who enlisted under a man's name, a Spanish governor, a Polish engineer and a Prussian drillmaster. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 60 lessons.

What is included: 60 lessons and pages
  1. Joseph Warren: The Doctor Who Sent Revere 9 min
    Joseph Warren was a Boston physician who wrote the Suffolk Resolves, ran the Massachusetts resistance in the spring of 1775, sent Paul Revere and William Dawes to Lexington, and died at Bunker Hill fighting as a volunteer three days after he was made a major general.
  2. Peter Salem and Salem Poor: Two Black Soldiers of Bunker Hill 9 min
    Peter Salem of Framingham and Salem Poor of Andover were Black New Englanders who fought at Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, and served for years afterward. One was honored by fourteen officers in writing; the other became the hero of a story the evidence does not support.
  3. James Armistead Lafayette: The Spy Who Fooled Cornwallis 8 min
    James Armistead, enslaved in Virginia, served the Marquis de Lafayette in 1781 as a courier and then as a double agent in British camps. Virginia freed him by special act in 1787, and he took his general's name.
  4. Deborah Sampson: The Soldier Called Robert Shurtleff 8 min
    Deborah Sampson of Massachusetts enlisted in the Continental Army as Robert Shurtleff, was wounded near Tarrytown, and was discharged at West Point in 1783. Her enlistment date is disputed, and her pension fight ran for decades.
  5. Margaret Corbin: The Woman Who Kept the Gun Firing 8 min
    Margaret Corbin took her dead husband's place at a cannon during the fall of Fort Washington in 1776, lost the use of an arm, and won a pension from Congress in 1779. Her story is often tangled with the legend of Molly Pitcher.
  6. Henry Knox: The Bookseller Who Hauled the Guns 9 min
    Henry Knox, a Boston bookseller with no military training, brought 59 captured cannon and mortars from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston in the winter of 1775 and 1776. They helped force the British out of the city, and Knox went on to run the artillery and then the War Department.
  7. Nathanael Greene: The General Who Lost Battles and Won the South 9 min
    Nathanael Greene, a Rhode Island Quaker turned general, took over a broken southern army in December 1780. He lost most of his battles and still drove the British back to Charleston and Savannah, then died in debt in Georgia in 1786.
  8. Daniel Morgan: The Wagoner Who Won at Cowpens 9 min
    Daniel Morgan went from teamster to rifle captain to the victor of Cowpens, where on January 17, 1781, he destroyed Banastre Tarleton's force with a plan built around militia who were expected to run.
  9. Francis Marion: The Swamp Fox Behind the Legend 9 min
    Francis Marion led South Carolina militia against British supply lines in 1780 and 1781 and fought beside Nathanael Greene. Parson Weems and Hollywood buried the man under legend, and the record includes his slaveholding and a brutal Cherokee campaign.
  10. Friedrich von Steuben: The Drillmaster of Valley Forge 9 min
    Friedrich von Steuben reached Valley Forge on February 23, 1778, with a title he had been given and a rank others inflated. He still taught the Continental Army to drill, march and fire as a unit, and wrote the Blue Book the Army used for decades.
  11. Thaddeus Kosciuszko: The Engineer Who Chose the Ground 9 min
    Tadeusz Kosciuszko, a Polish-Lithuanian engineer, chose the ground at Saratoga, fortified West Point and served under Greene in the South. His 1798 will left his American money to buy and educate enslaved people, and it was never carried out.
  12. Bernardo de Galvez: The Spaniard Who Opened the Mississippi 9 min
    Bernardo de Galvez, Spanish governor of Louisiana, sent secret aid up the Mississippi to the Americans in 1777, then took British posts on the lower Mississippi and the Gulf Coast, ending with Pensacola in May 1781. Sources differ on several dates.
  13. Haym Salomon: The Broker Behind the Myth 9 min
    Haym Salomon was a Philadelphia bill broker who sold government paper for Robert Morris and lent money to members of Congress. The claim that he lent hundreds of thousands to the government grew after his death and is not supported by his own papers or Morris's diary.
  14. John Laurens: The Soldier Who Asked Congress to Free Slaves 9 min
    John Laurens, aide to Washington and son of a rich South Carolina planter, proposed in 1779 to raise a battalion of enslaved men and free them for service. Congress backed the idea, South Carolina rejected it, and Laurens was killed in a minor skirmish in 1782.
  15. Mercy Otis Warren: The Pen of the Revolution 9 min
    Mercy Otis Warren of Plymouth wrote satirical plays against royal officials, argued in 1788 that the Constitution needed a bill of rights, and published a three-volume history of the Revolution in 1805 that cost her a friendship with John Adams.
  16. Polly Cooper: The Oneida Woman Who Fed Valley Forge 9 min
    Polly Cooper, an Oneida woman, is remembered for bringing white corn to Washington's army at Valley Forge in 1778 and refusing pay. Her story rests on Oneida oral tradition more than on documents, and the Oneida who stood with the Americans lost nearly all of their land afterward.
  17. Joseph Brant: The Mohawk Who Chose the Crown 9 min
    Joseph Brant, educated at a Connecticut school and a translator of Anglican prayers into Mohawk, led Mohawk and Loyalist warriors for the British and was branded a monster by American writers for a massacre he did not attend. After the war he led his people to a Grand River grant in Canada and held enslaved people of his own.
  18. Nancy Ward: The Beloved Woman of the Cherokee 9 min
    Nanye'hi (Nancy Ward) held the Cherokee office of Beloved Woman, warned white settlers of an attack in 1776, and in 1817 put her name to a written plea against giving up more land. The Battle of Taliwa story that made her famous rests on oral tradition recorded long after the fact, and accounts say she held an enslaved man.
  19. Samson Occom: The Mohegan Minister Who Funded Dartmouth 9 min
    Samson Occom, a Mohegan Presbyterian minister, raised about 12,000 pounds in Britain for Eleazar Wheelock's school for Native students, and Wheelock used the money to found a college that Occom never visited. In 1774 Phillis Wheatley wrote him a letter on natural liberty that newspapers printed across New England.
  20. Crispus Attucks: What the Record Shows About the Boston Massacre 9 min
    Crispus Attucks died on King Street in Boston on March 5, 1770, and John Adams later named him in court as the man chiefly to blame. Almost everything said about his birth, his enslavement and his place as the first to die comes from later memory, not from the trial record.
  21. Phillis Wheatley: The Enslaved Poet Washington Answered 9 min
    Phillis Wheatley was seven or eight when she was sold in Boston in 1761, and in 1773 she published the first known book of poetry by a Black woman. George Washington answered her 1775 poem to him in his own hand, and her 1774 letter on the love of freedom was printed in newspapers.
  22. Lemuel Haynes: The Minuteman Who Became a Pastor 9 min
    Lemuel Haynes, born to a Black father and a white mother and bound out as a baby, marched as a Massachusetts militiaman in 1775 and wrote a poem about Lexington. He later wrote an anti-slavery essay that went unpublished for two centuries, became a Congregational minister in 1785, and served one Vermont church for about thirty years.
  23. Agrippa Hull: The Free Black Soldier Who Served Kosciuszko 9 min
    Agrippa Hull, a free Black man from Stockbridge, Massachusetts, enlisted at eighteen in 1777 and served over six years, most of them at the side of the Polish engineer Tadeusz Kosciuszko. He kept his discharge, signed by Washington, so firmly that Charles Sedgwick wrote in 1828 that Hull would rather forgo his pension than lose the paper.
  24. Boston King and Thomas Peters: Two Black Loyalists Who Left America 9 min
    Boston King and Thomas Peters both fled slavery for British lines, then left Nova Scotia for Sierra Leone in 1792 in search of the land and freedom Britain had promised. Peters took the settlers' case to London in 1790 after five petitions to colonial officials failed, and died in Sierra Leone within months of arriving, in the colony he helped found.
  25. The First Rhode Island Regiment: The Black Soldiers of Yorktown 9 min
    In February 1778 Rhode Island voted to free enslaved men who enlisted and to pay their owners for them, and the men fought as the 1st Rhode Island Regiment until 1783. Historians disagree on how many there were, and on whether the regiment itself stormed a redoubt at Yorktown.
  26. Abigail Adams: The Farmer Who Told John to Remember the Ladies 9 min
    Abigail Adams ran the family farm in Braintree, Massachusetts, for years while John served in Philadelphia and Europe, and she wrote the most quoted letter of the Revolution while doing it. Her 1776 request to "Remember the Ladies" asked for limits on husbands' power, and the word vote does not appear in it.
  27. Nancy Hart: The Georgia Legend and What the Record Holds 8 min
    Nancy Hart is Georgia's best-known Revolutionary heroine, said to have shot a Tory soldier dead in her own cabin and held the rest until help came. The story first reached print in 1825, some forty-six years after it supposedly happened, and the Daughters of the American Revolution say no historical records exist of her wartime exploits.
  28. Lydia Darragh: The Quaker Housewife and the Whitemarsh Warning 9 min
    Lydia Darragh was a Philadelphia Quaker midwife whose house the British used for officers' meetings in 1777, and tradition says she overheard a plan to surprise Washington at Whitemarsh. No document from December 1777 proves it, and her own meeting later disowned members of her family for supporting the war.
  29. Mary Katharine Goddard: The Printer Who Put the Signers' Names on the Declaration 9 min
    Mary Katharine Goddard ran Baltimore's newspaper and its post office through the Revolution, and in January 1777 Congress chose her to print the first Declaration of Independence that listed the signers by name. In 1789 the new Postmaster General removed her from the post office she had held for fourteen years, and Washington would not step in.
  30. Anna Strong and Agent 355: The Women of the Culper Ring 9 min
    Washington's spy ring on Long Island left behind one coded phrase about a woman, written on August 15, 1779, and nothing else. The famous black petticoat on Anna Strong's clothesline appears in print in 1939, and the source its author cites was never shown.
  31. Esther de Berdt Reed: The Ladies Who Sewed 2,000 Shirts 9 min
    In June 1780 Esther de Berdt Reed, born in London, launched a door-to-door drive by Philadelphia women that raised over 300,000 paper dollars for Washington's army. Washington asked that it be spent on shirts, and 2,005 were finished by December, less than three months after Reed died.
  32. Sybil Ludington: The Midnight Ride the Record Cannot Confirm 9 min
    Sybil Ludington is said to have ridden through the night in April 1777 to call out her father's militia after the British burned Danbury. The Danbury raid is well documented, but the first known mention of her ride comes from a family letter written in 1854, seventy-seven years later.
  33. Nathan Hale: The Schoolteacher Hanged as a Spy 9 min
    Nathan Hale, a 21-year-old Yale graduate and schoolteacher, volunteered to spy on the British in New York in September 1776 and was hanged within days of his capture. His famous last words were reported secondhand by an officer who was not there, and they echo a line from a popular play.
  34. Benjamin Tallmadge and the Culper Ring: Washington's Spy Network 9 min
    Benjamin Tallmadge, who went to Yale with Nathan Hale, became Washington's spymaster in 1778 and ran the Culper Ring, a network of Long Island friends who passed numbered codes from British-held New York to Washington. The ring was never caught, and the name of its chief New York agent stayed secret until Morton Pennypacker announced it in 1930.
  35. Hercules Mulligan: The Tailor Who Dressed the Enemy and Spied on Him 9 min
    Hercules Mulligan was an Irish-born New York tailor who measured British officers for coats and, by tradition, passed what he heard to Washington. The best evidence for his spy work is thinner than the legend, and it includes the plain fact that he held an enslaved man.
  36. Benedict Arnold: The Hero Who Sold West Point 9 min
    Benedict Arnold shattered his leg at Quebec in 1775 and took a musket ball in the same fight that won Saratoga, and Saratoga's Boot Monument honors that wound without ever printing his name. He then tried to sell West Point to the British, and the money he finally got was about a third of the 20,000 pounds first offered.
  37. John Andre: The British Spy Master Hanged at Tappan 9 min
    Major John Andre, the charming young officer who planned a lavish Philadelphia pageant in 1778, ran British spying in America and was hanged as a spy in 1780. His captors may never have been offered the bribe in the famous form, and Washington never gave him the firing squad he asked for.
  38. Marquis de Lafayette: The Teenage General Who Wanted Slavery Ended 9 min
    Lafayette was a 19-year-old French nobleman when Congress made him a major general in 1777, and he became Washington's closest young officer. In 1783 he asked Washington to join him in buying land to test freeing the enslaved as tenants, and Washington answered warmly and did nothing.
  39. Casimir Pulaski: The Polish Cavalryman Who Fell at Savannah 9 min
    Casimir Pulaski fought the Russians in Poland, fled into exile, and was recommended to Washington by Benjamin Franklin before he led American horsemen at Brandywine. He was mortally wounded at Savannah in 1779, and nobody has settled where he was buried.
  40. Rochambeau: The French General Who Marched to Yorktown 9 min
    Jean-Baptiste de Rochambeau brought about 5,500 French soldiers to Newport in 1780 and led them roughly 680 miles to Yorktown a year later, lending Washington half of his remaining coin so American troops could be paid on the way. Back in France he was jailed during the Terror and was days from the guillotine when it ended.
  41. Comte de Grasse: The Admiral Who Closed the Chesapeake 9 min
    In 1781 Admiral de Grasse chose to bring his West Indies fleet to the Chesapeake, carrying about 3,000 soldiers and money raised in Havana, and beat a British fleet off the Capes. Seven months later Rodney captured him at the Saintes, and a court-martial cleared his captains of the blame he put on them.
  42. Johann de Kalb: The Self-Made Baron Who Held the Line at Camden 8 min
    Johann de Kalb was a Bavarian peasant's son who gave himself the title of baron, rose in the French army and became a major general in the Continental Army. At Camden in 1780 he kept fighting after the American commander left the field, and he died of his wounds three days later.
  43. Pierre Beaumarchais: The Playwright Behind Secret French Aid 9 min
    Pierre Beaumarchais, the author of The Barber of Seville, ran a sham trading house called Roderigue Hortalez and Company that shipped French arms to America in 1776 and 1777. He died in 1799 still claiming money from Congress, and his daughter was still petitioning in 1824.
  44. George Rogers Clark: The Frontier General of the Northwest 9 min
    George Rogers Clark took the Illinois country from the British with a few hundred Virginia frontiersmen and a march through flooded winter woods in 1779. Virginia refused his claim for what he spent, and several thousand of his unpaid vouchers were found in the state Capitol in 1913.
  45. The Overmountain Men: The Frontiersmen Who Won Kings Mountain 9 min
    In October 1780 about 900 frontier riflemen from the Carolinas, Virginia and today's Tennessee rode through a rainy night and destroyed a Loyalist force at Kings Mountain. Nearly every man on the losing side was an American, and the only Briton on the field was the commander, Patrick Ferguson.
  46. Thomas Sumter: The Carolina Gamecock 9 min
    Thomas Sumter escorted Cherokee leaders to meet King George III in 1762, then in 1781 paid his soldiers with slaves he meant to take from Loyalists. Nathanael Greene approved the plan, Francis Marion refused it, and Sumter lived to 97 as the last surviving general of the Revolution.
  47. Light-Horse Harry Lee: The Cavalryman Who Eulogized Washington 9 min
    Henry Lee led the Legion that stormed Paulus Hook in 1779 and served as Greene's cavalry in the South, then wrote the resolutions that gave Washington his most famous epitaph. The man who drafted the line spent a year in debtors' prison, was nearly killed by a Baltimore mob in 1812, and is now remembered mostly as the father of Robert E. Lee.
  48. John Paul Jones: The Scottish Captain Who Raided Britain's Own Coast 9 min
    John Paul Jones, born John Paul in Scotland, raided the British coast in 1778 and took HMS Serapis in 1779 in a night fight that left his own ship sinking. His most famous line, "I have not yet begun to fight," first appeared in print 46 years later, from a lieutenant's memory.
  49. John Barry: The Irish-Born Captain Who Held Commission Number One 9 min
    John Barry, born in County Wexford, Ireland, captured the British tender Edward in 1776, fought the last sea action of the war in 1783, and in 1797 received the first commission in the permanent U.S. Navy. Though he is called Commodore, the Navy had no such rank until 1862.
  50. Ethan Allen: The Green Mountain Boy Who Took Ticonderoga 9 min
    Ethan Allen led the Green Mountain Boys in the surprise capture of Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775, then spent more than two years as a British prisoner after a failed grab at Montreal. The line he made famous, that he demanded the fort 'in the name of the great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress,' comes from his own book, and the sources checked for this lesson turn up no other eyewitness record of it.
  51. Thomas Paine: The Pamphleteer Who Argued for Independence 9 min
    Thomas Paine landed in Philadelphia in 1774 so sick with fever he had to be carried off the ship, and thirteen months later his pamphlet Common Sense was on sale, a work the American Battlefield Trust says electrified the colonies. Nobody knows how many copies sold, and the story that Washington read his Crisis essay to the troops before Trenton has no direct evidence behind it.
  52. Samuel Adams: The Tax Collector Who Organized a Revolution 9 min
    Samuel Adams was a failed maltster and a tax collector more than 8,000 pounds behind on his accounts, yet he built the committees and town meetings that carried Massachusetts toward independence. General Gage thought him dangerous enough to exclude him, with John Hancock, from a royal pardon in June 1775.
  53. Robert Morris: The Merchant Who Financed the Revolution and Died Broke 9 min
    Robert Morris kept Washington's army paid at its worst moments, from Trenton in 1776 to Yorktown in 1781, and he did it largely on his own credit. He had also opposed independence, stayed out of the July 2 vote, and later spent more than three years in debtors' prison.
  54. Oliver Pollock: The New Orleans Merchant Who Paid for the War in the West 8 min
    Oliver Pollock, an Irish-born merchant in Spanish New Orleans, put up his own fortune and credit for George Rogers Clark's Illinois campaign and for Spain's help to the Americans. He ended in a Havana debtors' jail, and he is often credited with the first written dollar sign, a claim historians treat with caution.
  55. Charles Thomson: The Secretary Who Kept Congress's Books 8 min
    Charles Thomson, an Ulster orphan turned Philadelphia schoolmaster, served as secretary of the Continental Congress for its entire fifteen years and rode to Mount Vernon in 1789 to tell Washington he was President. He also wrote the description of the Great Seal, though he did not design it alone.
  56. Benjamin Rush: The Doctor Who Titled Common Sense and Crossed Washington 9 min
    Benjamin Rush, a Philadelphia physician, suggested the title Common Sense to Thomas Paine, signed the Declaration on August 2, 1776, and wrote an anonymous letter in 1778 that Washington blamed on him. He also bled hundreds of yellow fever patients, bought and freed a man named William Grubber, and talked Adams and Jefferson back into writing to each other.
  57. John Witherspoon: The Preacher Who Taught the Founders and Signed for Independence 9 min
    John Witherspoon, a Scottish minister, crossed the Atlantic in 1768 to run a struggling New Jersey college and became the only clergyman to sign the Declaration. He also owned enslaved people, and his famous line that America was rotting for want of independence appears in several versions with no source from 1776.
  58. Charles Carroll of Carrollton: The Last Surviving Signer 9 min
    Charles Carroll of Carrollton was a Maryland Catholic who was barred from Maryland politics when he began writing against the royal governor, and he lived to be the last signer of the Declaration of Independence. He also enslaved more than 350 people at his death, and the story that he proposed gradual abolition in 1797 has no paper trail.
  59. Francis Salvador: The Jewish Planter Killed on the Cherokee Frontier 9 min
    Francis Salvador, a wealthy London Jew who reached South Carolina in December 1773, was elected to the colony's Provincial Congress and died in a night ambush on August 1, 1776, at 29. He is called the first Jew to die for American independence, yet sources disagree on the date, the place, and was at his side at the end.
  60. Joseph Plumb Martin: The Common Soldier Who Wrote It All Down 9 min
    Joseph Plumb Martin joined the war at 15, starved at Valley Forge and Morristown, and helped storm Redoubt 10 at Yorktown as a sergeant of sappers. His 1830 memoir was printed in a few hundred copies at most and sat in obscurity for more than a century before it came back in print as Private Yankee Doodle.
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Open People of the Revolutionary War ↗

📘 People of the Constitution Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Short biographies of the people who wrote, fought over and ratified the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, including delegates who walked out, Anti-Federalists who forced the Bill of Rights, and two Black Massachusetts residents who used the new language of liberty against slavery. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 15 lessons.

What is included: 15 lessons and pages
  1. James Madison: The Man Who Kept the Notes 8 min
    James Madison arrived in Philadelphia early with a plan, lost some of his biggest fights at the Constitutional Convention, wrote the best record of what was said there, and then forced a Bill of Rights through a reluctant Congress.
  2. George Mason: The Delegate Who Would Not Sign 8 min
    George Mason wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights, spoke more often than almost anyone at the Convention, called for a bill of rights on September 12, 1787, and then refused to sign the Constitution because it did not have one.
  3. Roger Sherman: The Cobbler Who Made the Compromise 8 min
    Roger Sherman, a self-taught Connecticut shoemaker turned judge, proposed the plan of one house by population and one by equal state votes, argued against a bill of rights, and was a signer of the Continental Association, the Declaration, the Articles and the Constitution.
  4. James Wilson: The Scot Who Wanted a Broad Base 8 min
    James Wilson, a Scottish-born Pennsylvania lawyer, argued at the Convention for direct election by the people and a single executive, defended the Constitution to a Philadelphia crowd on October 6, 1787, and later sat on the first Supreme Court.
  5. Gouverneur Morris: The Pen of the Constitution 8 min
    Gouverneur Morris spoke more than any other delegate at the Convention, attacked slavery as a curse on the states that had it, and as a member of the Committee of Style wrote the final text of the Constitution.
  6. John Dickinson: The Penman Who Would Not Sign Twice 8 min
    John Dickinson wrote the Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, refused to vote for independence in 1776, and in 1787 helped keep the small states in the Convention, spoke against the slave trade, and left early with Delaware's vote for the Constitution carried by a proxy signature.
  7. Oliver Ellsworth: Partly National, Partly Federal 8 min
    Oliver Ellsworth moved the proposal that put an equal vote for each state in the Senate, left Philadelphia before the Constitution was signed, co-wrote the Judiciary Act of 1789 as a senator, and served as the third Chief Justice.
  8. William Paterson: The New Jersey Plan 8 min
    William Paterson of New Jersey introduced the plan that defended the Articles of Confederation and the equal vote of the states, left the Convention once the small states were protected, returned to sign, and went on to help write the Judiciary Act of 1789 and sit on the Supreme Court.
  9. Luther Martin: The Delegate Who Went Home 8 min
    Luther Martin, Maryland's attorney general, argued for the states at the Convention, urged a ban or tax on the slave trade, left before the Constitution was signed, and then published an inside account that gave Anti-Federalists their best evidence.
  10. Elbridge Gerry: The Skeptic From Marblehead 8 min
    Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts distrusted both mobs and standing armies, moved for a committee on a bill of rights, listed his reasons for refusing to sign the Constitution on September 15, 1787, and later gave his name to the word gerrymander.
  11. Charles Pinckney: The Young Delegate and His Plan 8 min
    Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, about thirty at the Convention, laid a plan before the delegates on May 29, 1787, moved the clause banning religious tests for office, defended slavery on the floor, and spent decades claiming more credit than historians will give him.
  12. Melancton Smith: The Antifederalist Who Voted Yes 8 min
    Melancton Smith, a Dutchess County merchant and Revolutionary officer, led the Antifederalist side at New York's ratifying convention in 1788, argued that a few dozen representatives could never know the people, and then voted for ratification.
  13. Prince Hall: A Free Black Citizen Petitions the New Republic 8 min
    Prince Hall, a Boston leather worker who had been enslaved, signed the 1777 petition that called freedom a natural right, founded the first Black Masonic lodge, and spent thirty years asking Massachusetts to make its own declaration of rights true for everyone.
  14. Elizabeth Freeman: Mum Bett Takes the Constitution at Its Word 8 min
    Elizabeth Freeman, called Mum Bett, was enslaved in Sheffield, Massachusetts. In 1781 she asked a lawyer to sue for her freedom on the plain words of the state's new constitution, and a jury agreed.
  15. Benjamin Franklin at the Convention: Doubt, Prayer and Compromise 9 min
    In the summer of 1787 Benjamin Franklin, in his ninth decade and troubled by gout and stones, spoke rarely at the Constitutional Convention, but every speech counts: no salaries for the executive, a broad table with joined planks, a call to prayer, and a closing plea to doubt a little of one's own infallibility.
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Open People of the Constitution ↗

📘 Culture Comes First: Francis Schaeffer, Western Culture and Politics Downstream Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Why so many thinkers say politics is downstream from culture: Francis Schaeffer and L'Abri, How Should We Then Live? and A Christian Manifesto, the roots of Western culture in Jerusalem, Athens and Rome, the writers who argued culture shapes law, and what the idea asks of citizens. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 9 lessons.

What is included: 9 lessons and pages
  1. Culture Before Politics: The Idea and Its Roots 20 min
    Where the phrase came from, what Andrew Breitbart actually said, and the much older idea behind it in Plato, Andrew Fletcher, Tocqueville and Daniel Patrick Moynihan. What the claim means, what it does not mean, and the evidence on both sides.
  2. Francis Schaeffer: A Life of Hard Questions 19 min
    The life of Francis A. Schaeffer (1912 to 1984): a Philadelphia boy who became a pastor, a missionary and then the host of a small Swiss chalet where thousands of young people came with hard questions. How he and Edith founded L'Abri in 1955, who came and why, the books that began with The God Who Is There in 1968, and his habit of taking every question seriously.
  3. Schaeffer Reads the West: The 1976 Book and Film Series 22 min
    Schaeffer's 1976 book and 1977 ten-part film series How Should We Then Live? The Rise and Decline of Western Thought and Culture: his reading of the West from Rome to the 1970s, the line of despair, fragmentation, and his warning about a people who want only personal peace and affluence. With a fair account of what historians have said against it.
  4. Schaeffer on Art, Truth and the Christian 21 min
    The ideas under all of Schaeffer's cultural criticism: nature and grace, the upper and lower story, the leap, and 'true truth,' from Escape from Reason and The God Who Is There (1968); his reading of art as the voice of a worldview; his call in Art and the Bible (1973) for Christians to make art; his friend Hans Rookmaaker; and what scholars have said against them both.
  5. Schaeffer on Law and Resistance: The 1979 and 1981 Books 24 min
    Schaeffer's turn to law and politics: Whatever Happened to the Human Race? (1979, with C. Everett Koop) and A Christian Manifesto (1981). Law grounded in God versus law as human will, Samuel Rutherford's Lex, Rex, John Witherspoon, civil disobedience and its limits, his influence on American Christians in the 1980s, and his son Frank Schaeffer's later account.
  6. Roots of Western Culture: Jerusalem, Athens and Rome 24 min
    Where the American founders got their ideas about law, liberty and the people: the Hebrew law over the king, Greek philosophy, Roman law and the republic, the church and the medieval synthesis, the Reformation and the Enlightenment, as Russell Kirk told the story in 1974 and as Donald Lutz counted it in 1984.
  7. Writers Who Put Culture First 26 min
    Burke's little platoons, Tocqueville's mores, Kuyper's sphere sovereignty, Eliot, Dawson, Weaver, Kirk and C. S. Lewis on why culture shapes law, and the same claim made from the opposite direction by Gramsci, the Frankfurt School and the slogan of a long march through the institutions.
  8. Culture and Law in American History 27 min
    American cases where culture moved first and law followed, from the Great Awakening to Uncle Tom's Cabin to the civil rights churches, and cases where law moved first and culture caught up, from school desegregation to seat belts, with the numbers.
  9. What Culture First Asks of Citizens 22 min
    If politics is downstream from culture, the work falls to ordinary people: families, congregations, associations, schools, local arts and local news, and the habits of self-government. Schaeffer's own call, the duty of ordered liberty, and the dangers of using culture as an excuse to ignore law or to coerce.
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Open Culture Comes First: Francis Schaeffer, Western Culture and Politics Downstream ↗

📘 Art, Music and Writing from the Revolution to the Civil War Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The paintings, songs, hymns, pamphlets, poems and novels Americans made between 1765 and 1865: Revere, Trumbull and Stuart, Yankee Doodle and Billings, Common Sense and Wheatley, the Hudson River School, Emerson and Whitman, spirituals and parlor songs, abolition in print, and the Civil War in photographs and anthems. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 12 lessons.

What is included: 12 lessons and pages
  1. Art of the Revolution 24 min
    Paul Revere's copied massacre print, Copley's portrait of a silversmith in shirtsleeves, West's dying general in a red coat, and Trumbull's Revolution on canvas: how American artists of the 1760s to the 1820s made pictures that argued, and pictures that remembered.
  2. Songs of the Revolution 24 min
    How a British joke tune became the rebels' own, how John Dickinson wrote a song to make a tax argument stick, and how a one-eyed Boston tanner named William Billings gave the war its hymn: the music Americans sang, marched to and fought over from 1767 to 1785.
  3. Writings of the Revolution 26 min
    A newspaper printed as a tombstone, a farmer who was really a lawyer, a pamphlet whose sales figures were mostly its author's boast, an enslaved poet whose genius Jefferson refused to see, a playwright who became the Revolution's historian, and a Declaration written to sound like the American mind: the print culture that argued the colonies into independence.
  4. Arts of the Early Republic 26 min
    From Gilbert Stuart's unfinished Washington to Francis Scott Key's poem on a night of bombs: how the new United States gave itself a face, a museum, public buildings, songs and even its own spelling between 1783 and 1831.
  5. Painters of the American Wilderness 25 min
    Thomas Cole taught Americans to see their wild country as a gift and a warning, his friends and students carried the idea from the Catskills to Niagara, the Andes and the Rockies, and George Caleb Bingham turned the same careful eye on a Missouri election day.
  6. Literature of the Young Nation 24 min
    From Rip Van Winkle's bewildered return in 1819 to Emily Dickinson's locked drawer of poems: how American writers between the War of 1812 and the Civil War built a national literature, and what they said about liberty, conscience and the single person standing against the crowd.
  7. Music of the People 24 min
    What ordinary Americans sang between 1800 and 1860: shape-note hymns in the hollow square, camp meeting choruses, the spirituals of the enslaved, the songs of Stephen Foster, the blackface minstrel show that was both the most popular stage entertainment of its day and a racist one, brass bands, and the parlor piano that put sheet music in middle-class homes.
  8. Slavery, Abolition and the Arts 26 min
    How a pottery medallion, a ship diagram, three slave narratives, a best-selling novel, protest poems and songs, and one photograph of a scarred back changed what free people could see and feel about slavery, and how the defenders of slavery answered in print.
  9. The Civil War in Art, Music and Words 26 min
    The songs both armies marched to, the first photographs of American dead, Winslow Homer's drawings from the camps and his great painting of 1866, Lincoln's two finest speeches read as literature, and Walt Whitman's war poems from the hospital wards.
  10. The Star-Spangled Banner 15 min
    A Georgetown lawyer watched a fort in the rain, and a poem came out of it. This lesson tells the night of September 13, 1814, the flag and the woman who sewed it, the tune, all four stanzas, the third stanza's slavery debate, and the road to the 1931 anthem law.
  11. Battle Hymn of the Republic 15 min
    Julia Ward Howe woke before dawn in a Washington hotel in November 1861 and wrote words for a soldiers' song. This lesson follows the tune from camp meetings to John Brown's Body, prints the 1862 Atlantic Monthly text, traces the Bible passages under it, and tells how Lincoln, a singing chaplain and later generations used it.
  12. Confederate Songs: Dixie and the Bonnie Blue Flag 15 min
    A minstrel walk-around written in New York became a Confederate favorite, and Abraham Lincoln asked a band to play it after Appomattox. This lesson tells the origins of Dixie, The Bonnie Blue Flag, The Southern Marseillaise and Maryland, My Maryland, shows how each side borrowed tunes, and records how the songs are treated today.
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Open Art, Music and Writing from the Revolution to the Civil War ↗

📘 Ideas and Values Since the Enlightenment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Francis Schaeffer's survey of Western thought and the thinkers around it: Kant, Rousseau, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Darwin, Nietzsche, Dewey, the existentialists, the postmodernists, and the later voices who answered them, with the criticisms Schaeffer's own history has drawn. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 18 lessons.

What is included: 18 lessons and pages
  1. Francis Schaeffer: The Man and L'Abri 13 min
    Francis Schaeffer went from a Philadelphia boyhood of doubt to a Swiss chalet where students argued about truth through the night. This lesson tells his life, the founding of L'Abri in 1955, his books, and the way he taught.
  2. The Enlightenment: Reason and Rights 14 min
    The Enlightenment gave the West a new confidence in human reason and a new language of natural rights. This lesson follows Kant's 1784 definition, Newton, Locke and the Declaration, then sets out how Schaeffer read the age.
  3. The Enlightenment Has Two Faces: Edinburgh and Paris 14 min
    The Scottish and French Enlightenments shared a century and parted on almost everything that mattered to liberty. This lesson sets Hume, Smith and Reid beside Voltaire, Diderot and Rousseau, then follows the French road to the Terror and Burke's warning.
  4. Kant and the Split Between Fact and Value 14 min
    Immanuel Kant set out to rescue science and morality at once and ended by sorting reality into two realms, one of facts and one of duty. This lesson follows Hume's gap between is and ought, Kant's answer, and Schaeffer's account of what the split did to later thought.
  5. Rousseau and the General Will 14 min
    Rousseau's Social Contract of 1762 put the source of law in the will of the people, aimed at the common good. This lesson reads his own words, follows them into the French Revolution, and sets them beside the American design.
  6. Hegel and the March of History 14 min
    Hegel taught that history is the story of freedom coming to know itself, and that reason works through events. This lesson reads him in his own words, clears away the myth of thesis, antithesis and synthesis, and shows why Schaeffer placed him at the door of the line of despair.
  7. Kierkegaard and the Leap 14 min
    Soren Kierkegaard, a Danish writer who died in 1855, asked how a person can hold a truth that costs something. Francis Schaeffer read the later history of his ideas as a warning about faith cut loose from facts. This lesson sets out both, and what each means for conscience and public life.
  8. Darwin and the New Story of Origins 15 min
    Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859) gave natural science a new account of where living things come from. This lesson reads Darwin in his own words, follows how churchmen answered him, sets out Schaeffer's concern about a closed system of cause and effect, and asks what the idea of origins does to the rights the Founders called unalienable.
  9. Marx and the Theory of Class 15 min
    Karl Marx taught that the history of society is the history of class struggle and that morals, law, and religion grow out of the way a society makes its living. This lesson reads him in his own words, sets him beside James Madison and Pope Leo XIII on property, and asks what a theory of rights needs that class theory cannot supply.
  10. Nietzsche and the Death of God 15 min
    Friedrich Nietzsche announced that belief in the Christian God had collapsed and warned that Europe's morals would go with it. This lesson reads the famous passage in context, follows his argument against equality, and sets him beside Washington and Adams, who made the same link between faith and morals and drew the opposite conclusion.
  11. Modern Art and Music: What Schaeffer Saw 15 min
    Francis Schaeffer and his friend Hans Rookmaaker argued that the arts register what a culture believes before the philosophers say it aloud. This lesson walks through real turning points in painting and music, sets out how Schaeffer read them, and ends with what he wanted Christians to do about the arts and what the Founders thought art was for.
  12. Dewey and the Schools 15 min
    John Dewey wanted schools to be small democracies where children learn by doing, and he held that experience is the only final authority. Francis Schaeffer worried that public schools teach one view of reality as if it were neutral. This lesson reads Dewey in his own words, sets out Schaeffer's concern, and goes back to what the Founders and the Idaho Constitution say schools are for.
  13. Sartre, Camus and the Absurd 14 min
    Sartre said man invents his own values and Camus said the world gives no answer and we must live anyway. Schaeffer read both as the end of a long road in Western thought, and the two men disagreed with each other as well.
  14. The New Theology: Barth and the Liberal Church 14 min
    Schleiermacher and Harnack remade Christianity to suit the modern age, and Karl Barth broke with them after 1914. Schaeffer treated Barth as the door through which the new theology entered, and the Barmen Declaration of 1934 shows what was at stake for the church and the state.
  15. Lewis and The Abolition of Man 14 min
    In three lectures in 1943, C. S. Lewis argued that a society that teaches its children values are only feelings will end by shaping people with no moral center, and that all real moral teaching draws on a shared law he called the Tao. His case is a close cousin of natural law and of the Founders' appeal to a standard above the state.
  16. The 1970s: Life and Death Questions 14 min
    In the 1970s American law and medicine were asked new questions about when life begins, when it ends and who counts as a person. Schaeffer and Dr. C. Everett Koop answered with a book and film series in 1979, and the Declaration of Independence frames the underlying issue.
  17. The Postmodern Turn: Lyotard, Foucault, Derrida 14 min
    Three French thinkers questioned the grand stories, the claims of neutral reason and the stability of language. Schaeffer had watched the same turn begin in the 1960s, and their ideas give citizens real warnings about power while leaving open what can ground a claim of right.
  18. Reading Schaeffer Today and the Voices That Built on Him 15 min
    Francis Schaeffer left a map of Western thought and a method of asking where ideas lead. Rookmaaker, Guinness, Pearcey, Colson, Postman, MacIntyre, Taylor, Hunter and Himmelfarb each confirmed or extended a part of it, and together they show how to read him today.
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Open Ideas and Values Since the Enlightenment ↗

📘 The Two Liberties and How to Identify Counterfeit Liberty Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Isaiah Berlin's 1958 lecture Two Concepts of Liberty, read closely: liberty as freedom from interference and liberty as self-mastery, where each came from, how the second can be turned against the person it claims to free, and the debate since. Then a field guide for spotting counterfeits: people and programs that use the word liberty while asking for more power over you. A module of a special edition, 8 lessons.

What is included: 8 lessons and pages
  1. The Lecture at Oxford 18 min
    On 31 October 1958 Isaiah Berlin gave his inaugural lecture as Chichele Professor at Oxford and argued that the single word liberty hides two different questions. Who Berlin was, what the world looked like that autumn, and how Benjamin Constant saw part of the problem in 1819.
  2. Negative Liberty 20 min
    Isaiah Berlin's first concept: liberty as the area within which a person can act unobstructed by others. Where it came from in Hobbes, Bentham and Mill, how the Bill of Rights is written as restraint, what Berlin himself thought was wrong or missing in it, and Jeff A. Pierson's plain name for it, liberty as protection.
  3. Positive Liberty 21 min
    Isaiah Berlin's second concept: the wish to be one's own master. How Berlin traced it from self-mastery to the divided self and the 'true' self, how an authority can claim to speak for that self, and how he read Rousseau, Kant, Hegel and Marx. Then the best case for positive liberty in its own terms, and Jeff A. Pierson's name for its political, budget-bearing form, liberty as provision.
  4. Berlin's Warning and the Plurality of Goods 20 min
    Why Isaiah Berlin feared the corruption of positive liberty more than the abuse of negative liberty, what he meant by the retreat to the inner citadel, and his doctrine of value pluralism: real goods conflict, and liberty is liberty, not some other good wearing its name. The lesson ends with the first tool for spotting counterfeits.
  5. The Debate Since Berlin 20 min
    How philosophers answered Isaiah Berlin's two concepts: Gerald MacCallum's single triadic relation, Charles Taylor's exercise concept, Philip Pettit and Quentin Skinner's liberty as non-domination, and Amartya Sen's capability approach. Each is summarized in its own terms, with where it agrees and disagrees with Berlin.
  6. The Two Liberties in America 22 min
    Isaiah Berlin's two concepts traced through American and world documents: a Constitution built largely as restraint, Franklin Roosevelt's Four Freedoms of 1941 and his second Bill of Rights of 1944, the Soviet constitution of 1936, and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which holds both kinds of claims. Then a clearly labeled section on Jeff A. Pierson's covenant reading, with the strongest reply fro…
  7. How to Identify Counterfeits 24 min
    Lincoln's shepherd and wolf, Orwell's dishonest words, and a five-question field test for any claim of liberty: Isaiah Berlin's two questions, Berlin's rule that liberty is liberty, Jeff A. Pierson's question "freedom from him, or freedom through him?", following the power, and reading the text instead of the title.
  8. A Field Guide to Those Who Just Talk About Liberty 26 min
    Seven case studies, government and private, from several countries and decades, where the words praised liberty and the record added to someone's power: the 1936 Soviet constitution, the Berlin Wall, wartime prosecutions in 1918, Section 215 and the USA FREEDOM Act, Florida's Individual Freedom Act, the 1929 Torches of Freedom stunt, and Ring's cameras. Each is run through the five tests, followed by the reverse err…
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📘 Economic Thinkers: Friedman, Hayek, Mises and the Free-Market Schools Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The economic ideas of Milton Friedman and the thinkers around him: Hayek and the knowledge problem, Mises and the Austrian school, the Chicago school, public choice, supply-side economics, and Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams. Each school is stated in its own words, tested against the record, and answered by its best critics. Each lesson ends with a short quiz. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. The Map of Free-Market Thought 17 min
    A guide to the schools of free-market economics: the Austrians, Chicago, the Virginia public choice school, supply-side economics, and the writing of Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams. The lesson shows who taught whom, where the schools agree, and where they have fought, including Friedman against Mises on method and Hayek against Friedman on money.
  2. Friedman the Economist 19 min
    Milton Friedman's scholarly work: the permanent income hypothesis, the monetary history of the Great Depression written with Anna Schwartz, the 1968 address on the natural rate of unemployment, and the test the 1970s and the Volcker years put to them. The lesson separates what held up from what was revised.
  3. Friedman: The Public Policy Voice 21 min
    Milton Friedman outside the seminar room: school vouchers and the 1955 essay, the negative income tax and the Earned Income Tax Credit, the Gates Commission and the end of the draft, floating exchange rates, the tax withholding he helped build and later regretted, his Newsweek column, Free to Choose, and his ties to Reagan. The lesson closes with a record of what was adopted and what was not.
  4. Hayek and the Knowledge Problem 24 min
    Friedrich Hayek's quarrel with Keynes in the 1930s, what The Road to Serfdom (1944) actually argues, the 1945 essay on knowledge and prices that economists of every school still assign, spontaneous order, The Constitution of Liberty and its postscript refusing the conservative label, the 1974 Nobel Prize and its lecture on the pretence of knowledge, his late proposal for competing private money, and the points on wh…
  5. Mises, Rothbard and the Austrian School 25 min
    The Austrian school from Carl Menger and Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk to Ludwig von Mises, Murray Rothbard and Henry Hazlitt: subjective value, the 1920 argument that socialism cannot calculate and the debate it started, the Austrian theory of the business cycle, praxeology and why most economists reject it, Rothbard's turn from economics to a political creed, Hazlitt's one lesson, and the Mises Institute. Each claim is se…
  6. The Chicago School: Price Theory Applied to Everything 26 min
    The University of Chicago economists around Milton Friedman: Knight, Simons, Director, Stigler, Becker, Coase, Posner, Fama and Lucas. What each contributed, where the work was confirmed or challenged, what the Chicago Boys did in Chile, and why one of the sharpest critics of the school, Richard Thaler, also won his prize there.
  7. Public Choice and Government Failure 21 min
    The Virginia school of public choice: James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock's Calculus of Consent, rent seeking from Tullock and Anne Krueger, Mancur Olson on why small groups beat large ones, William Niskanen on bureaucracy, and Buchanan's constitutional economics. The sugar program and farm payments serve as test cases, and the lesson sets out where the evidence on voters and politicians supports the theory and where …
  8. Supply-Side Economics, Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams 23 min
    The supply-side movement from Robert Mundell and Arthur Laffer to the Kemp-Roth bill, the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986, tested against Treasury, CBO and Joint Committee on Taxation estimates. Then the work of Thomas Sowell and Walter Williams on trade-offs, knowledge, minimum wages and occupational licensing, with the evidence and the critics.
  9. The Critics and the Evidence 25 min
    The strongest critics of free-market economics, from Keynes, Galbraith and Minsky to Card and Krueger, Piketty, Stiglitz, the behavioral economists and Acemoglu and Robinson. For each, the lesson states the critic's best case, gives the free-market answer, and then asks what the data show, including how a Fed chairman used Friedman and Schwartz in 2008.
  10. Markets and Moral Order 24 min
    The tradition that defends free markets while insisting they rest on moral foundations they cannot supply: Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments, Burke and Russell Kirk, the ordoliberals Wilhelm Ropke and Alexander Rustow, Catholic social teaching from Rerum Novarum to Centesimus Annus and Dilexi Te, Michael Novak and Deirdre McCloskey. It closes with how the ordered-liberty framework of this site's author accepts…
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📘 Art and Politics in the 20th and 21st Centuries Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

How editorial art, line drawings and political cartoons, photography, modern art and music have shaped politics and been shaped by it from 1900 to today: the cartoonists from Kirby and Herblock to Telnaes, the posters and murals, the photographs that moved laws and ended wars, the fights over Guernica, the NEA and the flag, the protest songs and the campaign-song lawsuits, and how to read, use and report on political art now. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. Why Art and Politics Meet: Persuasion, Propaganda and Witness 45 min
    The frame for the whole course: three jobs political art does, Orwell and Benjamin on why art is never neutral, the 1917 federal poster machine, how the Supreme Court came to protect parody, flag burning and arts funding, where the protection stops, and a dated table of the century's movements and media.
  2. The Political Cartoon, 1900 to 1945: Puck, Berryman, The Masses and Willie and Joe 55 min
    The newspaper cartoon in its first golden age: Puck and Judge, Homer Davenport's Mark Hanna, Clifford Berryman and the Mississippi bear, the first Pulitzers for editorial cartooning (Rollin Kirby, 1922) with a full table to 1945, the Espionage Act case against The Masses and its two hung juries, Dr. Seuss at PM, David Low, and Bill Mauldin's run-in with General Patton, plus a method for reading a cartoon.
  3. The Political Cartoon, 1945 to 2000: Herblock, Mauldin, Conrad, Trudeau and the Syndicated Age 55 min
    Herblock and the word McCarthyism (March 29, 1950), Nixon in cartoons, the Pulitzer winners from 1945 to 2000 in a full table, Mauldin's 1959 prize and 1963 Lincoln cartoon, Paul Conrad, Pat Oliphant, Jeff MacNelly, Jules Feiffer, Garry Trudeau's Doonesbury and the 1973 Mitchell strip, Signe Wilkinson and Ann Telnaes, and what the Herb Block Foundation's figures say about the economics of the job.
  4. The Political Cartoon in the 21st Century: Lost Jobs, Violence, Firings and the Meme 60 min
    How the staff cartoonist job shrank, what happened after the Jyllands-Posten cartoons of September 30, 2005 and the Charlie Hebdo attack of January 7, 2015, why The New York Times dropped cartoons in 2019, the Rob Rogers and Ann Telnaes departures, the Pulitzer category rename, and where memes, AI images and the law of parody and copyright fit.
  5. Posters, Murals and the Drawn Line: From Uncle Sam to Hope 60 min
    The drawn line outside the daily cartoon: Flagg's Uncle Sam and Christy's Navy poster, Rockwell's Four Freedoms and the war bond tour, the WPA poster divisions, Ben Shahn, Diego Rivera's destroyed Rockefeller Center mural, Emory Douglas, the Guerrilla Girls, Shepard Fairey's Hope poster and the AP dispute, and Banksy, with how to trace a poster's print history and check its public domain status.
  6. Photography and Politics: The Camera as Witness and as Weapon 70 min
    Lewis Hine's child labor pictures and the forty-year road from Keating-Owen (1916) through Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) to the Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) and United States v. Darby (1941); the Resettlement Administration, FSA and OWI file of about 175,000 negatives, Migrant Mother and the retouched thumb, Rothstein's skull, Parks's charwoman; Capa's Falling Soldier and the Espejo evidence; Rosenthal at Suribachi …
  7. Modern Art and the State: Patrons, Censors and the Public Purse 70 min
    How governments have paid for, praised, banned and covered up modern art: Guernica (painted May 1 to June 4, 1937; MoMA custody; Spain in 1981; the UN woven copy covered on February 5, 2003), the Nazi Degenerate Art show of 1937, Soviet Socialist Realism, the Federal Art Project, the dispute over the CIA and Abstract Expressionism, the 1989 to 1990 NEA fights (Serrano, Mapplethorpe, the Cincinnati acquittal of Octob…
  8. Music and Politics, 1900 to 1970: Union Songs, Blacklists and Freedom Songs 60 min
    Joe Hill and the IWW songbook, Woody Guthrie's 1940 song and its omitted verses, Strange Fruit, Paul Robeson at Peekskill and in the passport case, Pete Seeger's 1955 testimony and the 1962 reversal, We Shall Overcome and its 2018 public domain settlement, Mississippi Goddam and A Change Is Gonna Come, Merle Haggard's Okie from Muskogee, and the effort to deport John Lennon.
  9. Music and Politics, 1970 to Today: Hearings, Labels, Lawsuits and Campaign Songs 65 min
    Reagan and Springsteen in September 1984, the Frankenchrist obscenity trial, Live Aid, the September 19, 1985 Senate hearing on record labeling, the FBI letter to N.W.A's distributor, Luke Records v. Navarro and Campbell v. Acuff-Rose, the Dixie Chicks in 2003, Kendrick Lamar's 2018 Pulitzer, the campaign song disputes from Browne v. McCain to the 2024 rulings, and the 2023 and 2025 country and Super Bowl episodes.
  10. Reading, Using and Reporting on Political Art: Method, Copyright and Archives 70 min
    A structured method for analyzing a cartoon, poster, photograph, artwork or song, with a worked example of a public domain Berryman cartoon; the four fair use factors and the cases that shaped them (Hustler v. Falwell, Campbell, Fairey and the AP, Warhol v. Goldsmith); the public domain cutoff and government works; archives and how to search them; AI generated political images and Idaho's FAIR Elections Act; and ver…
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📘 The Constitution and the 17th Amendment: History, Federalism and the Debate Today Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

How the framers gave Senate elections to the state legislatures, how that system worked and broke down through deadlocks, empty seats and bribery scandals, how the Progressive reform movement and the Oregon System forced the Seventeenth Amendment through in 1913, what the amendment's text and the courts say about vacancies, Idaho's own history with it, the full scholarly debate over what direct election did to federalism, and the repeal and reform proposals still argued today. A module of a special edition, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. The Original Design: Why the Framers Gave Senate Elections to the State Legislatures 55 min
    Article I, Section 3 as written in 1787; the Virginia Plan, the June 7 vote for election by state legislatures, the Connecticut Compromise and the August votes on terms, qualifications and vacancies, all verified in Madison's notes; what the Federalist and the Anti-Federalists said about a Senate chosen by the states; and the related rules of equal suffrage, six-year terms, rotation and the original vacancy clause.
  2. How Legislatures Elected Senators, 1789 to 1866: Joint Ballots, Instructions, Contests and the Act of 1866 55 min
    How the system worked in practice for its first 77 years: concurrent votes versus joint ballots, the state rules, legislatures instructing their senators and the resignations that followed, the Senate judging its own elections from Gallatin in 1794 through Indiana in 1857, the New Jersey Stockton case of 1866, and the Act of July 25, 1866 (14 Stat. 243) that imposed one procedure on every state, what it required and…
  3. Deadlocks, Vacancies and Scandals, 1866 to 1912: What Went Wrong with Legislative Election 60 min
    The system's breakdown in the forty years after the 1866 Act: Haynes's count of 46 deadlocks in 20 states from 1891 to 1905 and the Senate Historical Office's figures; Delaware's seats left empty for years; the 1899 Montana election of William A. Clark and the Senate committee's unanimous 1900 report against him; the Lorimer case from his 1909 election to the 55 to 28 vote of July 13, 1912; the bribery record and th…
  4. The Reform Movement: Populists, Progressives, the Oregon System and the Race Rider 55 min
    How the demand for direct election grew from an 1826 House resolution into the People's Party platform of 1892, five House-passed amendments the Senate refused to vote on, the Oregon System that let voters bind their legislators, the state petitions for an Article V convention, the arguments of George Frisbie Hoar and the Senate's defenders, and the 1911 fight between Senators Sutherland and Bristow over whether Con…
  5. Passage and Ratification: 1911 to 1913, State by State 55 min
    The Senate's two votes of 1911, the ten-month conference, the House's vote of May 13, 1912 to accept the Senate's version, the enrolled joint resolution at 37 Stat. 646, the ratification race from Massachusetts on May 22, 1912 to Connecticut on April 8, 1913, the states that rejected or never acted, Secretary of State Bryan's proclamation of May 31, 1913, the first direct elections, and Idaho's ratification on Janua…
  6. The Text and the Courts: Three Paragraphs, Four Cases and Fifty Vacancy Laws 60 min
    The Seventeenth Amendment clause by clause: popular election, the qualification clause tied to the most numerous branch, the mandatory writ of election, the proviso allowing temporary appointments, and the savings clause. Then the cases that have construed the vacancy clause, Valenti v. Rockefeller (1968, affirmed 1969), Rodriguez v. Popular Democratic Party (1982), Trinsey v. Pennsylvania (1991) and Judge v. Quinn …
  7. Idaho and the Seventeenth Amendment: Legislative Elections, One Contested Seat, Four Deadlocks and a 1917 Statute 60 min
    Idaho's Senate elections by the legislature from statehood in December 1890 to the thirty-first ballot of January 1913: Shoup, McConnell and Dubois and the Clagett contest the Senate decided in 1892, Shoup's fifty-two-ballot re-election of 1895, Heitfeld's three-week fusion fight of 1897, Borah's election of 1907, Heyburn's and Borah's opposite votes in the 1911 Senate fight, Perky's appointment and Brady's ten-day …
  8. Federalism: The Case That It Changed Everything 60 min
    The scholarly argument that direct election of senators broke the Constitution's main structural protection for the states: who makes it (Zywicki, Bybee, Rossum, Amar, Hoebeke), the mechanisms they name, the Supreme Court's swing from Wechsler's political safeguards and Garcia to the anti-commandeering cases, and the federal spending and grant figures from the OMB historical tables.
  9. Federalism: The Case That It Changed Little 60 min
    The counter-evidence: how indirect election really worked according to Schiller and Stewart's roll-call data, what Crook and Hibbing, Bernhard and Sala, Meinke, and Gailmard and Jenkins measured before and after 1913, why the Oregon System had already handed the choice to voters, what wars, the New Deal and the Commerce Clause explain about federal growth, what the Senate still does for the states, and a scorecard o…
  10. Repeal, Reform and the Debate Today 65 min
    Repeal proposals since the 1990s and who made them, the state resolutions that passed and failed (Utah 2016, Texas 2011, Montana 2025) and the states that ratified late (Alabama 2002, Delaware 2010, Maryland 2012), the reform ideas short of repeal, the Article V arithmetic and the polling, what repeal would and would not do with today's parties and money, the strongest case on each side, and the course's figures: a …
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📘 Perot, the Libertarians and the Pauls: Third Paths in American Politics Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Ross Perot and the 1992 and 1996 campaigns, the ideas and history of libertarian thought and the Libertarian Party, and a fair analysis of Ron Paul and Rand Paul: what they believe, how they have voted, where they differ, and how critics from the left, right and center answer them. Each lesson ends with a short quiz. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 10 lessons.

What is included: 10 lessons and pages
  1. Left, Right and the Third Paths 24 min
    A short account of where left and right came from, then the history and law that decide whether a third path can reach American voters: populism from the Omaha Platform to Perot, the winner-take-all rules that favor two parties, the Supreme Court's ballot access cases, Idaho's rules for new parties and independents, and what the major minor-party runs from 1892 to 1996 actually won.
  2. Ross Perot: The Man Before the Campaign 22 min
    The life of H. Ross Perot before and around his presidential runs: a Texarkana boyhood, the Naval Academy, IBM, the founding of Electronic Data Systems in 1962, the 1979 rescue of two employees from an Iranian prison, the sale of EDS to General Motors and his collision with its management, his long POW and veterans work, the Texas school reforms of 1984, and his death in 2019. The lesson separates the documented rec…
  3. 1992: The Campaign 22 min
    How Ross Perot went from a conditional promise on Larry King Live to nearly twenty million votes: the petition drive in all fifty states, the spring lead, the July withdrawal and the October return, the half-hour programs with charts, the three debates, the results state by state, and what the exit polls and the political-science studies say about whether he decided the election.
  4. Perot's Platform and the Reform Party 23 min
    What Ross Perot actually proposed on the debt, taxes, lobbying and trade; how his fight against NAFTA played out in 1993; how his volunteer network became United We Stand America and then the Reform Party; the 1996 campaign and the debate exclusion; the party's split after Jesse Ventura and Pat Buchanan; and how his NAFTA warnings compare with the record from the CBO, the USITC, the BLS and the Census Bureau.
  5. What Libertarians Believe 24 min
    Where libertarian ideas come from, how the word itself changed hands, and what its main thinkers actually argued: self-ownership, the non-aggression principle, Nozick's minimal state, Rand's quarrel with the movement, and the thinkers who refused the label. The lesson also sets out the internal splits, the fusionist alliance with conservatives and Russell Kirk's dissent, and what surveys say about how many Americans…
  6. The Libertarian Party 25 min
    The Libertarian Party from its founding in Colorado in December 1971 to October 2026: every presidential result from Hospers to Chase Oliver, the 1972 faithless elector, ballot access, the party's platform, the Mises Caucus fight, the Libertarian Party of Idaho's standing under Idaho law, and the policy changes libertarians pushed for that others enacted.
  7. Ron Paul: The Doctor Who Said No 24 min
    Ron Paul's life from Pittsburgh to a Texas obstetrics practice, his three tours in the House, the Gold Commission, the 1988 Libertarian campaign, the drive to audit and end the Federal Reserve, his antiwar voting record, the 2008 and 2012 campaigns, the newsletters controversy with the documented facts and his own responses, and what his supporters and critics argue.
  8. Rand Paul: The Senator Who Holds the Floor 24 min
    Rand Paul's path from an ophthalmology practice in Bowling Green to the Senate, his 2010 Civil Rights Act remarks and his clarification, the 2013 drone filibuster, the 2015 fight over the Patriot Act, the 2016 presidential run, his votes on health care, debt, Ukraine, Israel, the 2025 reconciliation bill, tariffs and war powers, taken from the Senate roll calls, and his committee posts and standing as of October 202…
  9. Comparing the Pauls: Father and Son 22 min
    Ron Paul and Rand Paul side by side: the Federal Reserve, war and executive power, foreign aid and Israel, immigration, abortion, drugs, trade and tariffs, and how each chose to work inside or outside the Republican Party. The lesson sets their roll-call votes next to scorecards from groups of the right, the left and the libertarian middle, names every group, and says where a score could not be confirmed.
  10. The Critics, and an Ordered-Liberty View 23 min
    The strongest objections to libertarian ideas from three directions: traditional conservatives such as Russell Kirk, progressives arguing for public goods, civil rights enforcement and a safety net, and populists and Perot-style economic nationalists on trade and immigration, each with the libertarian answer. The lesson closes with the site author's own framework, ordered liberty, and where it agrees and parts compa…
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📘 The Liberty Political Matrix: Beyond Left and Right Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Pierson's Liberty Political Matrix and his case that the left-right line is a false paradigm: where left and right came from, why one line cannot tell a constitutionalist from a statist, the two axes of moral grounding and relationship to institutional power, the nine behavioral categories, and how to use the matrix honestly. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 6 lessons.

What is included: 6 lessons and pages
  1. Where Left and Right Came From 16 min
    The left-right line began as a seating chart in the French National Assembly of 1789. This lesson traces how a room arrangement became the default map of politics, how the meanings of its two ends kept shifting, and why Pierson starts his matrix with the complaint that labels describe affiliation, not behavior.
  2. Why One Line Fails: The False Paradigm 20 min
    Pierson's case that the left-right line is a false paradigm: it reduces every debate to left against right, hides the real contest between liberty and authoritarianism, and pits citizens against each other while power consolidates above them. Earlier two-axis charts, from Eysenck to Nolan to the Political Compass, and where Pierson's axes differ.
  3. The Two Axes: Moral Grounding and Institutional Power 18 min
    How the Liberty Political Matrix is built: a horizontal axis from institutional dependence to independence, a vertical axis of moral orientation from natural law to relativism and authoritarianism, and the nine cells they make. Where the idea came from, including the role-playing alignment grid Pierson adapted in 2025.
  4. The Upper Row: Defenders, Independents and Rebel Patriots 18 min
    The three morally grounded cells of the matrix: Defenders of Ordered Liberty, who work inside institutions and keep them honest; Principled Independents, who act on conscience and cooperate without depending; and Rebel Patriots, who disrupt corrupt power to restore rights. The psychology, behavior, strength and weakness of each, and how the Concord Principle restrains the third.
  5. The Middle and Lower Rows: Drift and Domination 22 min
    The six cells below the green row: System Loyalists, Self-Preservers and Unstable Wildcards in the morally neutral middle, and Bureaucratic Tyrants, Power-Seekers and Evil Dictators in the authoritarian bottom. What each one does, why the middle row matters most to everyday politics, and Pierson's Acacia Illusion as a picture of how institutions recruit loyalists.
  6. Using the Matrix Honestly 20 min
    How Pierson says the matrix must be used: conduct, not identity; facts first, then the moral axis, then the institutional axis; placements that move with the record. Why the matrix retires the RINO label, the higher bar of evidence for the bottom row, the strongest objections to the matrix and his answers, and his warning that the matrix exposes the person applying it.
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📘 Idaho's Radicals and Extremists: Socialists, Communists, Nazis and the White Supremacist Movement, 1892 to 2026 Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The documented history of socialism, communism, Nazism and white supremacist organizing in Idaho, from the Coeur d'Alene mine wars of 1892 and the 1912 Debs vote, through the Wobblies, the Red Scare and Senator Glen Taylor, the Aryan Nations at Hayden Lake and The Order, to Patriot Front's 2022 arrests and the extremism cases of the 2020s, plus a full history of DSA, 50501 and the No Kings coalition, their people, money, philosophies and Idaho chapters, kept in their own category. Every claim is sourced and evidence limits are stated. White supremacy, white separatism and Nazism are defined and kept apart, and each lesson separates membership, voting, accusation and conviction. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 14 lessons.

What is included: 16 lessons and pages
  1. A Field Guide to the Labels: Supremacy, Separatism, Nazism, Socialism and Communism 24 min
    Idaho's debates use six words as if they meant the same thing. This opening lesson defines white supremacy, white separatism, white nationalism, Nazism, socialism and communism separately, shows how each group in the module is classified by its own acts, and sets the labeling rules for every later lesson.
  2. Mines, Mills and Martial Law, 1892 to 1907 32 min
    The Coeur d'Alene strikes of 1892 and 1899, the 1905 assassination of former Governor Frank Steunenberg and the 1907 Haywood trial set the pattern: a state that answered labor radicalism with troops, and a radical movement that learned to distrust the state. Adds Harry Orchard in his own words, the 1900 House inquiry and the union and company accounts, labeled by stance.
  3. Socialists, Wobblies and the War Years, 1912 to 1920 29 min
    In 1912 more than one Idaho voter in nine chose Eugene Debs, and in 1917 two thousand four hundred North Idaho loggers struck. Idaho answered with criminal syndicalism arrests. This lesson separates the ballot-box Socialists from the Wobblies and shows what the numbers prove. Adds the governor, the sheriff, the employers and the organizers in their own words, and the correct account of how the strike ended.
  4. Communists in Idaho: What the Evidence Shows, 1919 to 1945 19 min
    Idaho's documented Communist Party presence in the 1920s through 1945 is small and hard to measure. This lesson teaches how to count radicals without inventing numbers: votes, regional membership files, ballots and newspapers, and what each can and cannot prove. Membership figures are re-sourced to what the records actually support.
  5. Nativism and the Klan Before the War, 1860s to 1930s 24 min
    Idaho's first organized hate movements were anti-Chinese conventions and a 1920s Ku Klux Klan with a dozen or so chapters. This lesson uses a historian's research and an archive's finding aid to show how much is documented and how much is still unresearched, including the 1930s question of Nazi sympathizers. Adds a Klan treasurer's diary entries, the 1924 Boise parade and how Black Idahoans responded.
  6. Glen Taylor, Herman Welker and the Red Scare, 1944 to 1957 27 min
    Idaho's anti-communist politics ran on accusations, not hearings: a singing-cowboy senator who ran with Henry Wallace and was called a Communist dupe, and his Republican successor who claimed 87 communists in Idaho. This lesson separates what each man did, what was alleged and what was proved. Adds Taylor's and Welker's own words, their critics, the people who dealt with them and the Hunt accusation, attributed and …
  7. Aryan Nations at Hayden Lake, 1973 to 2001 37 min
    For nearly three decades a neo-Nazi organization held an annual congress on twenty acres near Hayden Lake. This lesson tells what Richard Butler built, who came, what its members did and how North Idaho answered, using court records, a police-and-prosecution paper trail and the community's own account. Adds Butler's 1988 sedition acquittal, the 1998 and 1999 parades and first hand accounts from the Task Force and fr…
  8. The Order and the 1980s Violence, 1983 to 1987 30 min
    The Order's armed robberies and the murder of Alan Berg, the Order II's Idaho bombings of 1986 and the courts' response. This lesson keeps three organizations apart: the Aryan Nations compound, The Order and The Order II, and says what each court record shows. Corrects the convictions, the Whidbey Island standoff and the Order II roles, and adds the agents' and defendants' own accounts.
  9. The Keenan Verdict and the End of the Compound, 1998 to 2005 26 min
    A car backfired, guards fired rifles, and a Kootenai County jury returned a $6.3 million verdict that ended the Hayden Lake compound. This lesson explains what the case actually decided, what happened to the property and why the legal theory mattered. Adds the judge's negligence ruling, the special verdict, the damages by defendant and the bankruptcy-court sale.
  10. The New Generation: Patriot Front, Atomwaffen and the Courts, 2011 to 2026 49 min
    After the compound closed, Idaho's extremist activity became dispersed, mobile and online. This lesson covers what courts and agencies have documented since 2011: the 2022 Patriot Front arrests and their uneven prosecution, a federal case involving a Boise-linked neo-Nazi cell, hate-crime statistics and the ongoing debate about what is and is not extremism. Updated with the federal sentences of 2024, the appeal in t…
  11. Democratic Socialists of America: History, Ideas and the Idaho Chapters 44 min
    Where DSA came from, what it says it believes, how it is organized and who pays for it, the factions and fights inside it, what critics from different political positions say, and what is documented about its chapters in Boise, Pocatello, Sun Valley and elsewhere in Idaho. Includes the October 2026 fake text blast. Corrected on the Idaho chapters and updated with the chapters' own statements.
  12. 50501: How It Started and Who Is Behind It 30 min
    The 50501 movement from the January 2025 Reddit post to Idaho 50501's rallies at the Capitol: what is known and unknown about its founders, its structure and money, its stated principles, the turnout counts and who made them, the claims opponents make and what fact-checkers found. Corrects the founder question and the national structure and shows the competing Idaho turnout counts side by side.
  13. No Kings: The Coalition, the Money and the Criticism 50 min
    How No Kings began on June 14, 2025, who organized it, the later days and their turnout counts, the coalition members verified and not verified, what the movement says it stands for, what is documented about money, what officials said and what fact-checkers found, the incidents in Salt Lake City and elsewhere, and the Idaho events. Updated with the published partner list, Idaho officials' statements, the October 202…
  14. Reading the Record: Labels Today and a Reporter's Guide 16 min
    The module's closing lesson reviews what the evidence shows about each movement, how the words 'communist' and 'socialist' are used in Idaho politics now, how union decline and legislative memorials fit the picture, and a step-by-step guide to verifying a claim about an Idaho extremist group. Includes the corrected text of the 2021 legislative memorial.
  15. Voices from the Record: First and Second Hand Accounts, 1892 to 2026 39 min
    Short, attributed excerpts from the movements' own publications and testimony, from their defenders and from investigators, prosecutors, journalists, historians and local officials, organized by era and labeled by stance and type. Includes a short guide to weighing a first hand account and a catalog of 40 verified sources with links.
  16. How Idahoans Answered: Neighbors, Clergy, Police, Prosecutors and the Human Rights Movement 31 min
    The Task Force on Human Relations, Father Wassmuth, Tony Stewart, the Keenan legal team and Judge Hosack, the police and sheriffs who handled the marches, the 2022 arrests and prosecutions, the 2024 federal sentences and the Idaho State Police hate crime count, with sourced person to person accounts and a timeline.
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📘 Institutionalism - Origins Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

What institutionalism is, where it comes from and what it costs: a clear definition and the scholars who described it, documented cases from indulgences to the Boeing 737 MAX, and then the institutions Americans are asked to trust, era by era, from royal charters and admiralty courts through the territorial governments, the bank, the railroad grants, the regulatory commission, the Insular Cases, the New Deal agency, Cold War bases, the federal land estate, neoconservatism and what Pierson calls modern mercantilism, read through his Ordered Liberty framework. A module of Liberty and the Republic, 19 lessons.

What is included: 19 lessons and pages
  1. What Institutionalism Is 40 min
    Institutionalism, in Pierson's sense, is the habit of defending an institution's survival, authority and reputation as ends in themselves, apart from whether it does its job, and of treating criticism as an attack on order. This lesson defines it precisely, separates it from institutions, loyalty and earned trust, sets out the mechanisms social scientists from Weber and Michels to Vaughan have documented, places Pie…
  2. Institutionalism in the Record: Cases, Costs and the Limits of the Idea 45 min
    Eleven documented cases, from the sale of indulgences in 1517 to the Southern Baptist Convention's 2022 abuse investigation and the Boeing 737 MAX prosecution that ended in 2026, told from official investigations, court and congressional records and the institutions' own later admissions, each matched to the mechanisms defined in lesson 1. The lesson then measures the costs, with current Pew and Gallup trust data, a…
  3. Charters, Companies and the Crown, 1606 to 1763 35 min
    English America began as a set of royal grants to corporations and proprietors who held land, trade monopolies and the power to govern. This lesson reads the Virginia, Massachusetts Bay, Maryland and Pennsylvania charters, the Navigation Acts from 1651 to 1696, and the Board of Trade's review of colonial laws, and sets them against the elected assemblies that grew up beside them from 1619 on.
  4. Admiralty Courts, Writs and the Grievances of 1776 35 min
    From 1761 to 1776 the colonists' quarrel with Britain centered on courts without juries and offices without consent. This lesson reads the Otis argument against writs of assistance, the enforcement sections of the Sugar and Stamp Acts, the Townshend Acts and the American Board of Customs, the Liberty case against John Hancock, and the resolutions and declarations that turned those institutions into the grievances of…
  5. The Madisonian Design: Faction, Dual Sovereignty and Checks 30 min
    The Constitution of 1787 was built as a machine of friction: an extended republic to dilute faction, two levels of government to watch each other, and separated departments whose officers would defend their own ground. This lesson reads Federalist 10, 28, 39, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 78 and 84 against Brutus and the Federal Farmer, and asks what the design expected institutions to do when they began to defend themselves.
  6. Land, Debt and the National Domain, 1784 to 1791 30 min
    The first national institutions were built on two assets: western land the states had ceded and a war debt nobody could pay. This lesson follows the Virginia cession, the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Ohio Company and Scioto contracts of 1787, Nathan Dane's letter of July 16, 1787, the collapse that stranded French settlers at Gallipolis, and Hamilton's funding and bank system of 1790 and 1791.
  7. Territorial Government: St. Clair, Ohio and Louisiana, 1787 to 1828 32 min
    Outside the states, the founders built a different kind of government: appointed governors and judges who adopted laws for people who had not elected them. This lesson follows the Northwest Ordinance from 1787 through Arthur St. Clair's fourteen years as governor, his November 3, 1802 attack on the Ohio Enabling Act and the November 22, 1802 letter removing him, Jefferson's constitutional doubts about Louisiana, the…
  8. Legislative Courts, the Bank War and Nullification, 1816 to 1861 30 min
    Between 1816 and 1861 the national government built its first big institutions and fought over who controlled them: a chartered national bank, a postal patronage machine, a claims court that could only advise Congress, and a doctrine of public rights that let officers collect debts without a jury. This lesson reads the charters, vetoes, ordinances and opinions of the period and asks which of these forms answered to …
  9. War, Reconstruction and the Railroad Republic, 1861 to 1877 32 min
    The Civil War built more national institutions in four years than the previous seventy had: a paper currency, a national banking system and its Comptroller, an income tax and a Bureau of Internal Revenue, the Homestead Act, chartered transcontinental railroads paid in land and bonds, the Freedmen's Bureau and military districts in the South. This lesson reads those statutes and the cases that tested them, follows th…
  10. The Gilded Age Builds the Agency, 1877 to 1900 32 min
    Between 1877 and 1900 Congress built the two forms that define the modern administrative state: a merit civil service under a bipartisan commission, and an independent regulatory commission for the railroads. In the same years private finance under J. P. Morgan reorganized the railroads and rescued the Treasury's gold reserve, the President began reserving western forests by proclamation, and Idaho entered the Union…
  11. Empire and the Insular Cases, 1898 to 1922 30 min
    In 1898 the United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines and annexed Hawaii. Between 1901 and 1922 the Supreme Court decided, in the Insular Cases, that Congress could govern some of these places without extending the whole Constitution to them, and the doctrine of the 'unincorporated territory' that came out of those cases still governs five inhabited U.S. territories today.
  12. Progressive and New Deal Institutions, 1906 to 1946 30 min
    Between the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Administrative Procedure Act of 1946, Congress built most of the institutional forms that define the modern federal government: the Federal Reserve, the income tax, the independent commission, the New Deal agency, the federal grazing district and the administrative hearing. This lesson follows who built each one, on what statute, who it answered to, and how the Supr…
  13. The Cold War Settlement: Bases, SOFAs and the Security State, 1945 to 1975 30 min
    After 1945 the United States built a permanent national security establishment, a treaty alliance and a worldwide network of bases, and wrote agreements fixing who could try American service members abroad. At home, a 1956 to 1957 Justice Department-led committee mapped which government held legislative power over federal land inside the states. This lesson reads those documents directly, corrects a misnamed report …
  14. The 1970s Lock-In: Federal Land and the Environmental Statutes, 1964 to 1984 35 min
    From the Public Land Law Review Commission to Chevron, two decades of statutes and decisions turned temporary federal ownership of western land into permanent retention and gave new agencies broad authority over land and water. This lesson reads FLPMA's retention policy, the PILT formula, the Clean Water Act's undefined jurisdiction and the Sagebrush Rebellion against the documents, with Idaho's numbers.
  15. Neoconservatism: Ideas, Institutions and Wars, 1965 to 2026 40 min
    How a 1965 policy journal's skepticism of government programs became, a generation later, an argument for American military predominance, and how that argument fed into the Iraq War and a permanent national security bureaucracy. The lesson sets out the defenders' case in their own words, the realist, libertarian, paleoconservative and left critiques by name, and exactly what the Senate Intelligence Committee found i…
  16. Modern Mercantilism: State and Capital Fused, 2008 to 2026 30 min
    From the 2008 bailouts to the 2025 equity stakes in Intel, MP Materials and U.S. Steel, Washington moved from rescuing private firms to owning pieces of them. This lesson sets the record of those deals beside the 1651 mercantile pattern, gives the strongest case for and against industrial policy in its advocates' own words, and asks the mercantile test: who gets the money, who pays, and who bears the loss.
  17. The Courts Push Back, 2022 to 2026 30 min
    Between 2022 and 2026 the Supreme Court cut back several of the doctrines that let agencies make law, find facts and impose penalties with little check: it named the major questions doctrine, narrowed the Clean Water Act, overruled Chevron, required juries for SEC fraud penalties, and overruled what was left of Humphrey's Executor. This lesson quotes each holding, says what it changes and what it leaves standing, an…
  18. Reading the Record: Testing the Territorial Thesis 35 min
    The outline Pierson was handed claims one continuous "Government #2" from the 1787 Northwest Ordinance to the modern administrative state. This lesson tests that claim against statutes, Supreme Court opinions and government reports, sorting what is documented, what is only analogy and what has no evidence, then describes the remedies people actually pursue and what Federalist 28 really says.
  19. Pictures, Numbers and Infographics 20 min
    The module's reference page: a gallery of public domain images, a table of sourced numbers on federal employment, federal land, PILT, administrative law judges, the Federal Register, the Federal Reserve and the largest asset managers, and four infographics, including a timeline from 1606 to 2026 and a flow diagram built from Pierson's Acacia Illusion essay.
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📘 U.S. Constitution: From the Charters to Philadelphia Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The road from colonial charters and the failed Articles of Confederation to the 1787 Convention, its compromises, the Preamble and the ratification fight. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: Article I: Congress Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The House and Senate, how a bill becomes law, the enumerated powers, the Commerce and Necessary and Proper Clauses, and the limits on Congress and the states. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: Article II: The President Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The single executive, the Electoral College, the oath, war powers, appointments and removal, pardons, privilege, immunity and impeachment. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: Article III: The Courts Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Judicial power, life tenure, jurisdiction, standing and political questions, and how judicial review began with Marbury v. Madison. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Open U.S. Constitution: Article III: The Courts ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Federalism and the States Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Article IV, the Supremacy Clause, the oath, the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments, preemption, and the anti-commandeering rule that matters to sheriffs. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Open U.S. Constitution: Federalism and the States ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Amending the Constitution Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Article V, all 27 amendments by year, failed proposals, time limits, rescission, the convention debate and Idaho v. Freeman. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: The First Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Religion, speech, press, assembly and petition: prior restraint, libel, incitement, public comment at meetings, officials on social media and reporter's privilege. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: The Second Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

English and colonial roots, the text, Heller, McDonald, Bruen and Rahimi, the Third Amendment, and Idaho's Article I, Section 11. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Second Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Search, Due Process and Fair Trials Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Amendments 4 to 8: warrants and digital privacy, self-incrimination, takings, counsel, confrontation, juries, bail, fines and punishment. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Search, Due Process and Fair Trials ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Civil War Amendments Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Slavery in the original text, Dred Scott, the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments, Reconstruction, segregation, incorporation and Section 3. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Civil War Amendments ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

How the vote expanded, the income tax, Prohibition, term limits, succession, one person one vote, and Idaho's 1896 suffrage fight. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Reading the Constitution Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The Ninth Amendment, methods of interpretation, precedent and overruling, the Idaho Constitution, and the oath every officeholder takes. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Reading the Constitution ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Preamble Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

We the People, the six purposes, and what the Preamble does and does not do. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Preamble ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Article IV: The States and the Union Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Full Faith and Credit, privileges and immunities, extradition, new states, territories and the Guarantee Clause. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Article IV: The States and the Union ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Prior debts, the Supremacy Clause, the oath of office and the ban on religious tests. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: Article VII: Ratification Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Nine states, the conventions, the Federalist and Anti-Federalist fight and how the Constitution took effect. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: Article VII: Ratification ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Third Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Quartering of soldiers, from the Quartering Acts to Engblom v. Carey. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Third Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Fourth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Searches, seizures, warrants, probable cause and digital privacy. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Fourth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Fifth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Grand juries, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, due process and takings. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Fifth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Sixth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Speedy public trial, jury, confrontation, compulsory process and counsel. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Sixth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Seventh Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Civil jury trial and the re-examination clause. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Seventh Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Eighth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Bail, excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Eighth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Ninth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Rights retained by the people, from Madison's draft to Griswold. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Ninth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Tenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Reserved powers, anti-commandeering and state sovereignty. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Tenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Eleventh Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Chisholm v. Georgia, state sovereign immunity and Ex parte Young. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Eleventh Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twelfth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The Electoral College after 1800, separate ballots and contingent elections. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Twelfth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Thirteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Abolition of slavery, the punishment clause and the enforcement power. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Thirteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Fourteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Citizenship, privileges or immunities, due process, equal protection and Section 3. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Fourteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Fifteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The vote and race, enforcement, and the Voting Rights Act. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Fifteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Sixteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The income tax, Pollock and the power to tax incomes. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Sixteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Eighteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Prohibition: the only amendment repealed, and how it happened. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Eighteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Nineteenth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Women's suffrage, from Seneca Falls to ratification. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Nineteenth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twentieth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Lame duck, inauguration dates and presidential succession gaps. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Twentieth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-First Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Repeal of Prohibition and state control of alcohol. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-First Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Second Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Presidential term limits. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Second Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Third Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Electoral votes for the District of Columbia. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
moduleconstitution

Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Third Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Fourth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The poll tax ban and Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Fifth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Presidential disability and succession. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Sixth Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

The 18-year-old vote and Oregon v. Mitchell. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Open U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Sixth Amendment ↗

📘 U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Seventh Amendment Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

Congressional pay, from 1789 to 1992. A module of U.S. Constitution Training.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Open U.S. Constitution: The Twenty-Seventh Amendment ↗

📘 The Declaration of Independence: How It Was Written and What It Says Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

From the Royal Proclamation of 1763 to Common Sense and the colonial resolutions of spring 1776: the statutes, petitions and Congress documents behind the Declaration of Independence. A module of U.S. Constitution Training, 9 lessons.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Quote Verification Last Ran (October 27, 2026)

Open The Declaration of Independence: How It Was Written and What It Says ↗

📘 The Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1789 Learning Module

Free lessons with sources, a short quiz and progress saved in your browser.

How the Articles of Confederation were drafted and ratified: Franklin's 1775 sketch, the Dickinson draft, the 1776 and 1777 debates over votes and land, ratification state by state, and Maryland's holdout until March 1, 1781. A module of U.S. Constitution Training, 6 lessons.

What is included: 55 lessons and pages
  1. 1. From the Charters to Philadelphia
  2. 2. Article I: Congress
  3. 3. Article II: The President
  4. 4. Article III: The Courts
  5. 5. Federalism and the States
  6. 6. Amending the Constitution
  7. 7. The First Amendment
  8. 8. The Second Amendment
  9. 9. Search, Due Process and Fair Trials
  10. 10. The Civil War Amendments
  11. 11. Voting, Taxes and the Later Amendments
  12. 12. Reading the Constitution
  13. 1. The Road to Independence, 1763 to 1776
  14. 2. The Lee Resolution and the Committee of Five
  15. 3. The Drafts: From Jefferson's Rough Draft to the Engrossed Copy
  16. 4. The Debates Day by Day: June 7 to August 2, 1776
  17. 5. The Text, Clause by Clause
  18. 6. Colony Charters and the First State Constitutions
  19. 7. State Declarations of Rights and the Road to the Bill of Rights
  20. 8. The Declaration After 1776
  21. 9. The Declaration and the Constitution
  22. 1. Drafting and Ratifying the Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1781
  23. 2. The Thirteen Articles, Clause by Clause
  24. 3. Congress Under the Articles: Debates, Departments and Power
  25. 4. The Land Ordinances and the Northwest Ordinance
  26. 5. The Crisis Years: Money, Trade, Shays' Rebellion
  27. 6. From Annapolis to Philadelphia
  28. 13. The Preamble
  29. 14. Article IV: The States and the Union
  30. 15. Article VI: Debts, Supremacy and the Oath
  31. 16. Article VII: Ratification
  32. 17. The Third Amendment
  33. 18. The Fourth Amendment
  34. 19. The Fifth Amendment
  35. 20. The Sixth Amendment
  36. 21. The Seventh Amendment
  37. 22. The Eighth Amendment
  38. 23. The Ninth Amendment
  39. 24. The Tenth Amendment
  40. 25. The Eleventh Amendment
  41. 26. The Twelfth Amendment
  42. 27. The Thirteenth Amendment
  43. 28. The Fourteenth Amendment
  44. 29. The Fifteenth Amendment
  45. 30. The Sixteenth Amendment
  46. 31. The Eighteenth Amendment
  47. 32. The Nineteenth Amendment
  48. 33. The Twentieth Amendment
  49. 34. The Twenty-First Amendment
  50. 35. The Twenty-Second Amendment
  51. 36. The Twenty-Third Amendment
  52. 37. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment
  53. 38. The Twenty-Fifth Amendment
  54. 39. The Twenty-Sixth Amendment
  55. 40. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment
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Open The Articles of Confederation, 1775 to 1789 ↗

🏛️ Constitution Trivia Game

A browser game built on the lessons; every answer links back to where it is taught.

Five levels of U.S. Constitution trivia drawn from the Constitution course: history, the text and the court cases. Play all three mixed or pick one. 120 questions, ten random per round, each linked to its lesson.

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📚 Who Said It? Game

A browser game built on the lessons; every answer links back to where it is taught.

Name the author of quotations from the Reading Library: the Declaration, The Federalist, Brutus, Locke, Bastiat, Smith, Washington and more. Three levels, ten random quotes per round, each linked to the full text.

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