The Political Cartoon, 1945 to 2000: Herblock, Mauldin, Conrad, Trudeau and the Syndicated Age

Lesson 02 ended with a sergeant's Pulitzer for drawing two tired infantrymen. The cartoonists of 1945 to 2000 inherited a different industry: fewer cities with competing papers, more syndication, television news as a rival, and a federal government that had become the cartoonist's daily subject. This lesson follows them. Because nearly every postwar cartoon is still under copyright, there are no embedded images here. Each work is described from a catalog record or a museum or prize page and linked to the page that holds it. That is the rule for this course, and it is also how a reporter should handle them.

Herblock and the word McCarthyism

The Herb Block Foundation's biography says Herbert Block was born in Chicago on October 13, 1909, and died on October 7, 2001.¹⁰ He studied at Lake Forest College for two years and took part-time classes at the Art Institute of Chicago. He drew editorial cartoons for the Chicago Daily News and for Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) in Cleveland, served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945, and joined the Washington Post in 1946.¹¹ The Foundation describes a career of 72 years.¹² It lists his Pulitzer Prizes for cartooning in 1942, 1954 and 1979, and notes that in 1973 he was one of four Post staff members named in the Public Service prize for Watergate coverage.¹³ Other honors include the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1994) and the Library of Congress Living Legends Medal (2000).¹⁴ The Pulitzer site's category page credits the 1942 prize to NEA for the cartoon "British Plane," the 1954 prize to the Post and Times-Herald for a cartoon of Death addressing Stalin, captioned in part "You Were Always A Great Friend of Mine, Joseph," and the 1979 prize to the Washington Post "for the body of his work."¹⁵

The cartoon that made his name in politics is catalogued in the Library of Congress's exhibit Herblock's History. The page says Herb Block coined the term "McCarthyism" in a cartoon dated March 29, 1950, weeks after Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to hold a list of communists in the State Department.¹⁶ Its caption is "You mean I'm supposed to stand on that?"¹⁷ The Library describes the picture as Republican senators Kenneth S. Wherry, Robert A. Taft and Styles Bridges, with Republican National Chairman Guy Gabrielson, pushing a reluctant GOP elephant onto an unsavory platform, and calls it the first use of the word McCarthyism.¹⁸

Read what the word did. Before the cartoon, there was a senator and a set of accusations. After it, there was an "-ism," a name for a method, one that could be applied to people who had never met McCarthy. The cartoon also put the blame on McCarthy's allies in his own party and not only on him. The Library's page describes the platform as unsavory and the elephant as reluctant, so the argument of the picture is that a party was being asked to stand on something it should not. A reader who wants to check the claim should open the Library's page and compare the date and caption to the cartoon's reproduction there. The cartoon is under copyright and is described here, not embedded.

Nixon in the cartoons

The same Library exhibit follows Herblock's drawings of Richard Nixon from 1954 into the Watergate years. The "Fire" page notes Herblock's 1954 depiction of Nixon as an emerging campaigner, "Here he comes now," which the page says stuck with Nixon throughout his career.¹⁹ A companion page, "Crook," lists the Nixon cartoons from 1970 to 1974 with the events they answered:

²⁰

Cartoon title (Library of Congress)	Year	What the Library says it addressed
"Taped"	1970	Government wiretapping and surveillance of citizens
"New figure on the American scene"	1971	Nixon's efforts to curb press coverage, including during the Pentagon Papers dispute
"For the championship of the United States"	1971	Campaign finance and Nixon's opposition to public financing
"Now, as I was saying four years ago"	1972	Nixon's claims about ending the Vietnam War
"There's no need for an independent investigation"	1972	Early Watergate-related questions about campaign irregularities
"Nixon awash in his office"	1973	John Dean's testimony first accusing Nixon of involvement in the cover-up
"Move over"	1973	Nixon's other scandals, including tax deductions and taxpayer-funded home improvements
"I am not a crook"	1974	Nixon's November 1973 statement, "Well, I'm not a crook"21
"Nixon hanging between the tapes"	1974	The Oval Office recordings that became key evidence
"Nixon, 'unindicted co-conspirator'"	1974	Appeared shortly before Nixon's resignation on August 9, 197422

The Library page also notes that Herblock's cartoons responded to the June 1972 Watergate break-in and that he published Herblock Special Report in 1974, a book of cartoons on Nixon's career.²³ A fair reader asks what the list shows. It shows a cartoonist who treated one man as a subject for twenty years. It also shows that his best-known cartoons were made in answer to news, which is the cartoon's usual relation to events. The cartoons carry a position on each, and the Library's page is a place to check that position against its date. The "five o'clock shadow" that many people associate with Herblock's Nixon is not on either Library page, and no source fetched for this lesson verified when it first appeared, so this lesson does not describe it.

The Pulitzers, 1945 to 2000

The table below is the Pulitzer site's Editorial Cartooning page for these years, cited works as the page gives them. The page lists no winner for 1960, 1965 or 1973 and does not say why.²⁴ For many years after 1975 the page gives no cited work, only the winner and outlet, so a blank in the third column means the page cites none.

²⁵

Year	Winner	Outlet	Cited work
1945	Bill Mauldin (rank listed as Technician Third Grade on the category page, Sergeant on another Pulitzer page)	United Feature Syndicate	Series "Up Front With Mauldin"
1946	Bruce Alexander Russell	Los Angeles Times	"Time to Bridge That Gulch"
1947	Vaughn Shoemaker	Chicago Daily News	"Still Racing His Shadow"
1948	Reuben L. Goldberg	New York Sun	"Peace Today"
1949	Lute Pease	Newark Evening News	"Who Me?"
1950	James T. Berryman	The Evening Star, Washington	"All Set for a Super-Secret Session in Washington"
1951	Reg Manning	Arizona Republic	"Hats"
1952	Fred L. Packer	New York Mirror	"Your Editors Ought to Have More Sense Than to Print What I Say!"
1953	Edward D. Kuekes	Cleveland Plain Dealer	"Aftermath"
1954	Herbert L. Block (Herblock)	The Washington Post & Times-Herald	A cartoon of Death addressing Stalin, captioned in part "You Were Always A Great Friend of Mine, Joseph"
1955	Daniel R. Fitzpatrick	St. Louis Post-Dispatch	"How Would Another Mistake Help?" (June 8, 1954)
1956	Robert York	Louisville Times	"Achilles"
1957	Tom Little	The Nashville Tennessean	"Wonder Why My Parents Didn't Give Me Salk Shots?" (January 12, 1956)
1958	Bruce M. Shanks	Buffalo Evening News	"The Thinker" (August 10, 1957)
1959	William H. (Bill) Mauldin	St. Louis Post-Dispatch	"I won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?" (October 30, 1958)
1961	Carey Orr	Chicago Tribune	"The Kindly Tiger" (October 8, 1960)
1962	Edmund S. Valtman	The Hartford Times	"What You Need, Man, Is a Revolution Like Mine" (August 31, 1961)
1963	Frank Miller	Des Moines Register	A cartoon of a destroyed world, captioned in part "I said we sure settled that dispute, didn't we!"
1964	Paul Conrad	The Denver Post	Editorial cartooning during the past year
1966	Don Wright	The Miami News	"You Mean You Were Bluffing?"
1967	Patrick B. Oliphant	The Denver Post	"They Won't Get Us To The Conference Table...Will They?" (February 1, 1966)
1968	Eugene Gray Payne	The Charlotte Observer	Editorial cartooning in 1967
1969	John Fischetti	Chicago Daily News	Editorial cartooning in 1968
1970	Thomas F. Darcy	Newsday, Garden City, NY	Editorial cartooning in 1969
1971	Paul Conrad	Los Angeles Times	Editorial cartooning in 1970
1972	Jeffrey K. MacNelly	Richmond News-Leader	Editorial cartooning in 1971
1974	Paul Szep	The Boston Globe	Editorial cartooning in 1973
1975	Garry Trudeau	Universal Press Syndicate	The comic strip "Doonesbury"
1976	Tony Auth	The Philadelphia Inquirer	A cartoon referencing "America the Beautiful" (July 22, 1975)
1977	Paul Szep	The Boston Globe
1978	Jeffrey K. MacNelly	Richmond News Leader
1979	Herbert L. Block	The Washington Post	Body of his work
1980	Don Wright	The Miami News
1981	Mike Peters	Dayton Daily News
1982	Ben Sargent	Austin American-Statesman
1983	Richard Locher	Chicago Tribune
1984	Paul Conrad	Los Angeles Times
1985	Jeff MacNelly	Chicago Tribune
1986	Jules Feiffer	The Village Voice, New York
1987	Berke Breathed	The Washington Post Writers Group
1988	Doug Marlette	The Atlanta Constitution and Charlotte Observer
1989	Jack Higgins	Chicago Sun-Times
1990	Tom Toles	The Buffalo News	"First Amendment"
1991	Jim Borgman	The Cincinnati Enquirer
1992	Signe Wilkinson	The Philadelphia Daily News
1993	Stephen R. Benson	The Arizona Republic
1994	Michael P. Ramirez	Commercial Appeal, Memphis
1995	Mike Luckovich	The Atlanta Constitution
1996	Jim Morin	The Miami Herald
1997	Walt Handelsman	Times-Picayune, New Orleans
1998	Stephen P. Breen	Asbury Park Press, Neptune, NJ
1999	David Horsey	Seattle Post-Intelligencer
2000	Joel Pett	Lexington Herald-Leader

Three patterns show up. Repeat winners are common: Paul Conrad (1964, 1971, 1984), Jeff MacNelly (1972, 1978, 1985), Paul Szep (1974, 1977), Don Wright (1966, 1980), Herblock (1954, 1979 here, plus 1942), Mauldin (1945, 1959) and Fitzpatrick (1955, after 1926).²⁶ Second, the address changes. The early winners are at metropolitan dailies in the East and Midwest. By the 1980s and 1990s they include papers in Dayton, Austin, Cincinnati and Seattle. Third, three winners are credited to non-newspaper outlets: United Feature Syndicate for Mauldin in 1945, Universal Press Syndicate for Trudeau in 1975, and The Village Voice for Jules Feiffer in 1986. The Voice's page says the winning work was eleven cartoons dated February to December 1985, and names a jury of Howard Simons (chair), Skeeter Hagler, Pam McAllister Johnson, David Lipman and Arnold Ropeik.²⁷

Mauldin after the war

Bill Mauldin's postwar career produced two more entries in this lesson. The Pulitzer site lists his 1959 prize for a St. Louis Post-Dispatch cartoon published October 30, 1958 and captioned "I won the Nobel Prize for Literature. What was your crime?"³¹ The page gives no gloss on the caption, and this lesson supplies none. By 1963 Mauldin was at the Chicago Sun-Times.³² The University of South Florida's digital exhibit catalogues Figure of weeping Lincoln monument: a silent cartoon, dated November 22, 1963, in the Chicago Sun-Times, of a weeping Lincoln Memorial, linked in the catalog's subject headings to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.³³ The record says "Copyright 1963 by Bill Mauldin. Courtesy of Bill Mauldin Estate LLC,"³⁴ so it is linked here and not embedded.

Read it with the method. It has no words, so there is no label to fall back on. The symbol is a monument, and the irony is that stone shows grief. The context is the date: the cartoon is catalogued with the date of the assassination itself. Whether Mauldin drew it that day or the next morning is not in the record. Take care with that: "Mauldin drew it the day Kennedy died" is a claim the catalog does not make.

Conrad, Oliphant, MacNelly and the generation of the 1960s and 1970s

Paul Conrad won three Pulitzers: 1964 at The Denver Post and 1971 and 1984 at the Los Angeles Times (Pulitzer site).³⁵ The Associated Press obituary of September 2010 says he died at 86 at his home in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, that he worked at the Denver Post for 14 years and the Los Angeles Times for 30,³⁶ and that his son David said his father "always said he was most proud of being on Nixon's enemies list."³⁷ That is the verified form of the enemies-list story: a son's statement in an obituary. This lesson did not find the list itself, a Nixon White House document, in a source fetched here, so it does not say what is on it.

Pat Oliphant won in 1967 at The Denver Post for "They Won't Get Us To The Conference Table...Will They?", published February 1, 1966.³⁸ The Library of Congress's exhibit says he left his native Australia for an American career in 1964, that his work addresses Watergate, Vietnam, the collapse of communism in Europe and the Gulf War, that he has caricatured seven U.S. presidents from Lyndon Johnson to Bill Clinton, and that his cartoons and sketchbooks will be preserved at the Library.³⁹ It describes his style as combining the subtle wit and detailed artistry of the British satirical tradition with the blunter, spare style common in America. That is a statement about method that a reader can test against his cartoons.

Jeffrey MacNelly was 24, per the Pulitzer page, when he won in 1972 for his 1971 work at the Richmond News-Leader.⁴⁰ He grew up in Cedarhurst, New York, attended Phillips Academy and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and joined the News Leader's editorial staff in December 1970.⁴¹ He won again in 1978 and in 1985, then at the Chicago Tribune. The Pulitzer page gives no cited work for those later prizes, and the page fetched does not mention his comic strip, so this lesson does not.

Tony Auth's 1976 prize at the Philadelphia Inquirer is credited to a cartoon of July 22, 1975, that references the song "America the Beautiful."⁴² Mike Peters (1981), Ben Sargent (1982), Richard Locher (1983), Berke Breathed (1987), Doug Marlette (1988), Jack Higgins (1989), Tom Toles (1990, "First Amendment"), Jim Borgman (1991), Stephen Benson (1993), Michael Ramirez (1994), Mike Luckovich (1995), Jim Morin (1996), Walt Handelsman (1997), Stephen Breen (1998), David Horsey (1999) and Joel Pett (2000) round out the list. None of these entries comes with a cited cartoon on the page, apart from Toles, and this lesson makes no claim about any of their individual cartoons.

Jules Feiffer and Garry Trudeau: the strip as editorial

Two winners complicate the word "cartoonist." Jules Feiffer's 1986 prize, at The Village Voice, was for eleven cartoons from 1985.⁴³ Garry Trudeau's 1975 prize was for something else entirely. The Pulitzer page for Trudeau gives the citation "For his cartoon strip Doonesbury," lists the work as Universal Press Syndicate's, and places the prize in the Editorial Cartooning category.⁴⁴ The Pulitzer page does not say it was the first for a comic strip. The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund calls it "the first comic strip ever to win the editorial cartooning prize," and that is the source for the claim; the Pulitzer site itself does not state it.⁴⁵

The strip's most-discussed week came two years earlier. The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund reports that in May 1973 Doonesbury showed the character Mark Slackmeyer, described there as a radio commentator, declaring former Attorney General John Mitchell "guilty, guilty, guilty!!"⁴⁶ The Fund says the strip mocked people who were overreacting to the Watergate scandal and not Mitchell himself, since Mitchell's guilt had not yet been established. More than a dozen of the roughly 300 papers carrying the strip declined to run it, because they worried that the strip's apparent claim of Mitchell's guilt would undermine their journalistic integrity even on the comics page.⁴⁷ The Fund calls one paper's justification "rather weak" without detailing it. The Washington Post, according to the Fund's headline, finally ran the strip 41 years later, in 2014.⁴⁸

The first women on the list

The Philadelphia Inquirer's history page says that in April 1992 Daily News cartoonist Signe Wilkinson "became the first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning."⁴⁹ The Pulitzer site lists her under 1992 for the Philadelphia Daily News and, on her page, gives no description and does not say "first woman." The Penn State oral-history biography adds that she joined the San Jose Mercury News as a full-time editorial cartoonist in 1982, stayed three years and returned to the Daily News in 1985.⁵⁰ (That page mentions a 1994 prize in its interview highlights, a conflict with the 1992 date on the Pulitzer site, so use the Pulitzer date.)

Ann Telnaes won in 2001. The Pulitzer page lists Tribune Media Services and gives no written citation. Her biography there says her cartoons appeared in the Washington Post, the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times, that she was born in Stockholm, earned a character animation degree at CalArts, worked earlier at Warner Bros. and Walt Disney Imagineering, and lives in Washington, DC.⁵¹ The page does not call her the second woman to win. Her prize came nine years after Wilkinson's. Her later career, including her 2025 events, belongs to lesson 04.

The economics: syndication, staff jobs and the figures that exist

The brief for this course asked for counts of staff cartoonists in 1980 and 2000. This lesson could not verify either. The Herb Block Foundation's December 2011 report says approximately 2,000 editorial cartoonists were employed by U.S. newspapers in the early 1900s and that fewer than 40 staff cartoonists remained, and that the number was still shrinking.⁵² The full white paper repeats both numbers on its third page and names no source for either.⁵³ On page 19 the cartoonist Clay Bennett puts full-time staff cartoonists at just over 60, calling it an all-time low, with no source, which conflicts with the report's own introduction.⁵⁴ The report found no figures for 1950, 1980, 2000 or 2008 in the pages that could be read, and the document appeared truncated, so those figures may exist in an unread portion. Where you need a number, attribute it and give the date.

The report's survey is a more reliable source about the work itself. The Foundation sent the survey to 125 members of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists and received 68 responses, a 54 percent return.⁵⁵ Of respondents, 41 percent earn more than half their income from their main employer and 45 percent earn less than a quarter.⁵⁶ Fifty-six percent report syndication income, 18 percent earn more than half their income from syndication, and 38 percent earn less than 20 percent of income that way.⁵⁷ The survey does not report how many respondents were full-time staff. Its 21 percent figure for full-time employment is a prediction for ten years out.⁵⁸ Eleven essays by AAEC members make up the rest.⁵⁹

Measure	Figure	Source and date	Caution
Cartoonists employed, early 1900s	About 2,000	Herb Block Foundation, 2011 report, p. 3	No source named for the number
Staff cartoonists, 2011	Fewer than 40	Same report, p. 3	Conflicts with Bennett's essay, p. 19 ("just over 60")
Staff cartoonists, 1980	Not verified	None found	Do not print a figure
Staff cartoonists, 2000	Not verified	None found	Do not print a figure
AAEC survey	125 sent, 68 returned (54 percent)	2011 report, p. 6	Members only, self-reported
Respondents with syndication income	56 percent	2011 report, p. 7	18 percent earn more than half their income this way
Typical reprint fee, paper of the New York Times's size	$250 (original work roughly $1,500 to $2,000)	Ted Rall's draft reply to the Times, quoted by CJR, February 7, 2012	One cartoonist's statement

The Columbia Journalism Review article of February 7, 2012, by Alysia Santo, is the source for the money. It says most cartoonists make their living from a mix of syndication and independent contracts and that only a small minority hold staff jobs. Ted Rall told CJR he earned about a third of what he made in the 1990s.⁶⁰ CJR also quotes his draft reply to the New York Times, which called a $250 offer far below market and said a reprint for a paper of that size typically pays $250 while original work should pay roughly $1,500 to $2,000.⁶¹ The Times's solicitation, CJR reports, asked for original, unsyndicated work on spec, with one cartoon chosen each week for $250.⁶² Scott Stantis, Mark Fiore and Rall described other income: a syndicated strip, a blog, a podcast, a radio show, YouTube advertising and an auction of dinner and the right to pick a cartoon's subject.⁶³ Aspiring cartoonists, the article says, are often offered "exposure" instead of pay.⁶⁴ Those are the 2012 facts. What happened to the numbers after that is lesson 04's subject.

Why the syndicate model mattered

A syndicate sells the same drawing to many papers. For the cartoonist, that turns one cartoon into many small payments and ends the dependence on a single editor. For readers, it means the same cartoon appears in cities with different politics, and it means a local paper can run a national voice and need no local one. Mauldin (United Feature), Trudeau (Universal Press Syndicate) and Berke Breathed (the Washington Post Writers Group) are all credited to syndicates on the Pulitzer page. The staff cartoonist, by contrast, knew the city, was tied to one editor, and could be fired by one. Both arrangements are visible in the Pulitzer list. They also meant different things when a paper chose to drop a cartoon: a syndicated strip cut by one paper still ran in others, while a staff cartoonist's cartoon, once killed, had no other place to run.

Questions and answers

Did Herblock really coin "McCarthyism"?

The Library of Congress's exhibit says so, dating the cartoon March 29, 1950, with the caption "You mean I'm supposed to stand on that?" It calls the cartoon the first use of the word. Other accounts may credit the word differently, and a careful writer attributes: "according to the Library of Congress." See the exhibit page.

How many Pulitzers did Herblock win?

Three for cartooning (1942, 1954 and 1979), per the Herb Block Foundation and the Pulitzer site. He was also one of four Washington Post staff named in the 1973 Public Service prize for Watergate coverage. The Foundation lists the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1994) and the Library's Living Legends Medal (2000) among other honors.

Was Doonesbury the first comic strip to win a Pulitzer?

The Pulitzer site lists Trudeau's 1975 prize in the Editorial Cartooning category for "his cartoon strip Doonesbury" and does not call it a first. The Comic Book Legal Defense Fund calls it "the first comic strip ever to win the editorial cartooning prize," so the claim has that one source and not the Pulitzer Board.

Was the Doonesbury strip about John Mitchell banned?

No. According to the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, more than a dozen of about 300 newspapers declined to run the May 1973 strip. The strip's target was people overreacting to Watergate, since Mitchell's guilt had not been established. The Washington Post ran it in 2014.

Who was the first woman to win the editorial cartooning Pulitzer?

The Philadelphia Inquirer says Signe Wilkinson, in April 1992. The Pulitzer site lists her for 1992 and does not use the word "first." Ann Telnaes is listed for 2001.

How many staff cartoonists are there?

The Herb Block Foundation's 2011 report says fewer than 40, and one essay in the same report says just over 60. Neither names a source. This course gives no 1980 or 2000 figure because none was verified, and lesson 04 deals with the present.

Why do some Pulitzer entries cite a cartoon and others do not?

The early entries cite a single work, a practice that fades after 1975. Some prizes are for a year of work (Conrad, 1964; MacNelly, 1972) and one is for a body of work (Herblock, 1979). The page does not explain the change. If you need the cartoon behind a prize, check the winner's page and the newspaper archive for the year.

What did Mauldin draw on the day of the Kennedy assassination?

The University of South Florida's catalog dates a silent weeping Lincoln Memorial cartoon from the Chicago Sun-Times November 22, 1963, copyrighted by Bill Mauldin and held courtesy of the Bill Mauldin Estate. The record does not say when in the day it was drawn, so a careful writer says "dated November 22, 1963."

Hard questions

The Herblock cartoons in this lesson target Republicans. Isn't that bias?

It is a position. The Library's pages show him drawing Republican senators in 1950 and Nixon from 1954 to 1974, and the Pulitzer page lists him winning for the Washington Post in 1954 and 1979 (the 1954 prize was for a cartoon of Death addressing Stalin). The Library's Nixon page also shows him answering events, such as the June 1972 Watergate break-in. A fair reader checks each cartoon against its date and the event it addressed. The standard for political cartooning has never been balance. It is accuracy about the facts a cartoon rests on.

Is it fair to credit Herblock with a word that was already in the air?

The Library says he coined it, and a researcher who found an earlier use would overturn the claim. Until one is found, the best statement is "the Library of Congress credits Herblock with the first use of the word McCarthyism in a cartoon dated March 29, 1950." That wording is true to the source and does not overreach.

Doesn't pulling a strip like Doonesbury prove newspapers are cowards?

The editors' stated worry, in the CBLDF's account, was that a strip implying Mitchell's guilt would undermine their journalistic integrity. That is a judgment about where opinion belongs in a paper. The CBLDF calls the Post's justification "rather weak," which is an assessment by the Fund. Reasonable editors can disagree. The facts are that more than a dozen of about 300 papers declined, and the others ran it.

Do the Pulitzer winners show the best work of those years?

They show what juries chose. The page lists no winner for 1960, 1965 and 1973. Winners are credited in different ways, and many entries after 1975 cite no work. A cartoonist whose paper did not enter has no entry. Treat the list as a record of recognition, and see the individual winner pages for what was actually honored.

If staff jobs fell from about 2,000 to under 40, isn't the form dead?

The 2011 numbers describe jobs, not cartoons. CJR's 2012 article describes cartoonists making a living through syndication, contracts, blogs, podcasts and online ad revenue, with Rall's complaint that pay had fallen to about a third of his 1990s income. That is a profession in a different shape, and a worse financial one by those accounts. Whether the form survives is a question about readers and editors, not about the count alone, and lesson 04 takes it up with later evidence.

Learn more

• Library of Congress: Herblock's History, Fire: the catalog page for the March 29, 1950 cartoon and the word McCarthyism.
• Library of Congress: Herblock's History, Crook: the Nixon cartoons from 1970 to 1974 with the events each answered.
• Herb Block Foundation: Herblock biography: dates, jobs and prizes for the central figure of the lesson.
• Pulitzer Prizes: Editorial Cartooning: every winner from 1945 to 2000 with the cited work where the page gives one.
• Comic Book Legal Defense Fund: Doonesbury in the Washington Post: the account of the 1973 strip that more than a dozen papers declined.
• Philadelphia Inquirer: Signe Wilkinson wins the Pulitzer: the paper's own report of the 1992 prize.
• Herb Block Foundation: 2011 white paper: the AAEC survey and eleven essays on the state of the trade.
• Columbia Journalism Review: Drawing the News Ain't Easy: what cartoonists were paid in 2012 and by whom.
• Library of Congress: Pat Oliphant exhibit: a cartoonist's career and style in the Library's words.
• University of South Florida: Mauldin's weeping Lincoln: the catalog record for the cartoon dated November 22, 1963.

Notes

1. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
2. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Fire" (March 29, 1950 cartoon). Read it online. ↩
3. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
4. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
5. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Garry Trudeau (1975). Read it online. ↩
6. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, "Spiked Doonesbury Strip Runs in Washington Post After 41 Years" (2014). Read it online. ↩
7. Philadelphia Inquirer, "Signe Wilkinson wins Pulitzer for editorial cartooning" (1992), history page. Read it online. ↩
8. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Ann Telnaes (2001). Read it online. ↩
9. Herb Block Foundation, Report on Editorial Cartooning (December 2011). Read it online. ↩
10. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
11. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
12. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
13. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
14. Herb Block Foundation, Herblock biography. Read it online. ↩
15. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
16. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Fire" (March 29, 1950 cartoon). Read it online. ↩
17. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Fire" (March 29, 1950 cartoon). Read it online. ↩
18. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Fire" (March 29, 1950 cartoon). Read it online. ↩
19. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Fire" (March 29, 1950 cartoon). Read it online. ↩
20. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Crook" (Nixon cartoons, 1970 to 1974). Read it online. ↩
21. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Crook" (Nixon cartoons, 1970 to 1974). Read it online. ↩
22. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Crook" (Nixon cartoons, 1970 to 1974). Read it online. ↩
23. Library of Congress, Herblock's History, "Crook" (Nixon cartoons, 1970 to 1974). Read it online. ↩
24. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
25. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
26. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
27. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Jules Feiffer (1986). Read it online. ↩
28. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Paul Conrad (1964). Read it online. ↩
29. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Patrick B. Oliphant (1967). Read it online. ↩
30. Library of Congress, Pat Oliphant exhibit. Read it online. ↩
31. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
32. University of South Florida Libraries, Figure of weeping Lincoln monument (Bill Mauldin, November 22, 1963), digital exhibit record. Read it online. ↩
33. University of South Florida Libraries, Figure of weeping Lincoln monument (Bill Mauldin, November 22, 1963), digital exhibit record. Read it online. ↩
34. University of South Florida Libraries, Figure of weeping Lincoln monument (Bill Mauldin, November 22, 1963), digital exhibit record. Read it online. ↩
35. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
36. NBC News (AP), "Pulitzer-winning cartoonist Paul Conrad dies at 86." Read it online. ↩
37. NBC News (AP), "Pulitzer-winning cartoonist Paul Conrad dies at 86." Read it online. ↩
38. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Patrick B. Oliphant (1967). Read it online. ↩
39. Library of Congress, Pat Oliphant exhibit. Read it online. ↩
40. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Jeffrey K. MacNelly (1972). Read it online. ↩
41. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Jeffrey K. MacNelly (1972). Read it online. ↩
42. Pulitzer Prizes, Editorial Cartooning winners by category. Read it online. ↩
43. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Jules Feiffer (1986). Read it online. ↩
44. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Garry Trudeau (1975). Read it online. ↩
45. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, "Spiked Doonesbury Strip Runs in Washington Post After 41 Years" (2014). Read it online. ↩
46. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, "Spiked Doonesbury Strip Runs in Washington Post After 41 Years" (2014). Read it online. ↩
47. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, "Spiked Doonesbury Strip Runs in Washington Post After 41 Years" (2014). Read it online. ↩
48. Comic Book Legal Defense Fund, "Spiked Doonesbury Strip Runs in Washington Post After 41 Years" (2014). Read it online. ↩
49. Philadelphia Inquirer, "Signe Wilkinson wins Pulitzer for editorial cartooning" (1992), history page. Read it online. ↩
50. Penn State Bellisario College of Communications, Newspaper Journalists Oral History Program, interview with Signe Wilkinson. Read it online. ↩
51. Pulitzer Prizes, winner page for Ann Telnaes (2001). Read it online. ↩
52. Herb Block Foundation, Report on Editorial Cartooning (December 2011). Read it online. ↩
53. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
54. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Page 19, essay by Clay Bennett. Read it online. ↩
55. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
56. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
57. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
58. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
59. Herb Block Foundation, 2011 white paper on editorial cartooning (PDF). Read it online. ↩
60. Alysia Santo, "Drawing the News Ain't Easy," Columbia Journalism Review, February 7, 2012. Read it online. ↩
61. Alysia Santo, "Drawing the News Ain't Easy," Columbia Journalism Review, February 7, 2012. Read it online. ↩
62. Alysia Santo, "Drawing the News Ain't Easy," Columbia Journalism Review, February 7, 2012. Read it online. ↩
63. Alysia Santo, "Drawing the News Ain't Easy," Columbia Journalism Review, February 7, 2012. Read it online. ↩
64. Alysia Santo, "Drawing the News Ain't Easy," Columbia Journalism Review, February 7, 2012. Read it online. ↩