How Idahoans Answered: Neighbors, Clergy, Police, Prosecutors and the Human Rights Movement

Lesson 7 told what the Aryan Nations built at Hayden Lake and lesson 9 told how a lawsuit ended it. This lesson follows the people on the other side of that story, and it does so person to person. Who sat in the church basement in 1981, who stood at the back, who got the threatening calls, who kept marchers and protesters apart, who tried the Keenan case and who judged it, and who answered the arrests of 2022 and the federal prosecutions of 2024. Every account is labeled by who wrote it, and several are the recollections of the people involved, written years later. Where the sources disagree, the lesson says so.

The reader should keep two things in mind. First, the main sources for the human rights side are the Task Force's own members, the plaintiffs' lawyers and local reporters who covered them closely, so the story is told mostly from the point of view of the people who opposed the group. The group's own voices are in lesson 15. Second, a response is not always an act of the movement being described: the city, the police, the courts and the ACLU appear here too, sometimes on the side of the group's legal right to march.

A church basement, 1981

The Kootenai County Task Force on Human Relations started in February 1981 in the basement of the First Christian Church in Coeur d'Alene. Marshall Mend, a founding member, the Coeur d'Alene Press and the Christian Science Monitor all give that month and place.¹²³ The founding meeting did not go unobserved. Five or six men from the Aryan Nations stood at the back of the room and stared, and the meeting went on.¹²

What prompted it was a run of incidents. In December 1980 swastikas and graffiti were sprayed at Chef Rosen's restaurant in Hayden, owned by Sid Rosen. The Task Force's account attributes the vandalism to the Aryan Nations circle, but the sources read for this lesson name no perpetrator and report no conviction, so the attribution is theirs and not a court finding.²¹ In February 1981, Mend recalls, an Aryan Nations member harassed a single mother and her four children, two of them mixed race. The city attorney prosecuted, the man served 60 days in jail, and the case led the Task Force to press for a local ordinance. That episode rests on Mend alone.¹

Dina Tanners called the first meeting, according to The Fig Tree, and is remembered as the mother of the Task Force.⁴ The first president was a pastor whose name appears as Rick Morse in Mend's account and Rick Morris in the Coeur d'Alene Press; the spelling is unresolved.¹² Kootenai County undersheriff Larry Broadbent and prosecutor Glen Walker attended early meetings, Mend says, and were later told by others to tone things down, a detail that is single-source.¹ Tony Stewart and Norman Gissel set two rules, Stewart told the Christian Science Monitor: never go to anything the Nazis did, and never stay silent. Counter-events were held elsewhere, including in Spokane, so that the group got no confrontation to photograph.³

The people who answered

Father Bill Wassmuth

William Wassmuth (1941 to August 27, 2002) was the Catholic priest of St. Pius X parish in Coeur d'Alene. He chaired the Task Force, in 1983 according to Mend, who says he and the Chamber of Commerce's Sandy Emerson asked him, and in 1984 according to The Fig Tree (and the Idaho Capital Sun, which lesson 7 cites). Use "1983 or 1984."¹⁴ On September 15, 1986 a pipe bomb exploded at his home. Accounts differ on where: his house (Seattle Times), the kitchen door of the rectory while he sat in the living room (High Country News), the back of the house. A Christian Science Monitor report put the crowd at a rally afterward at more than 1,000, and it reports bombs elsewhere in town on September 29, 1986.⁵⁶⁷ The Coeur d'Alene Press quoted Wassmuth calling the blast "an attempt to remodel my house."⁸ UPI reported in October 1986 that several men had been arrested and accused at the hearing stage; lesson 8 follows what the courts found.⁹

Butler's answer to Wassmuth was personal. He called the Catholic priest "a closet Jew," High Country News reported, a phrase that shows how the movement's language fixed on its opponents.⁶ Wassmuth later led the Northwest Coalition Against Malicious Harassment and co-wrote Hate Is My Neighbor (1999) with Tom Alibrandi.¹⁰ The Wassmuth Center for Human Rights in Boise, which operates the Idaho Anne Frank Human Rights Memorial, carries his name.¹¹

Tony Stewart

Tony Stewart taught political science at North Idaho College from 1970 to 2008, was a founding member of the Task Force and started the Popcorn Forum. He recounts, in a 2007 Spokesman-Review interview, arranging a debate between Butler and prosecutor Glen Walker and hearing Butler say afterward that he had been sandbagged. He also describes two late-night threatening calls, both of which he gave to police, and a bomb threat at an NIC play: Butler and about five associates stood by while the building was cleared, and Stewart told the audience, "hate will not stop this play."¹²

Stewart helped raise the money pledge that came out of the 1998 march. The "Closed to Hate" and "Lemons to Lemonade" campaigns tied pledges to the minutes marchers walked, about 27 minutes in all. The total is reported four ways: $35,000 (the Idaho Capital Sun, as lesson 7 cites it), about $34,000 (Stewart in the Monitor), more than $30,000 (a 2004 Spokesman-Review opinion) and $10,000 to human rights groups plus $24,000 for teacher diversity grants (The Fig Tree), which adds up to $34,000. This lesson uses about $34,000.³¹³⁴

Marshall Mend

Marshall Mend, a real estate agent and one of about 100 Jews in the area, according to the Seattle Times in 2000, was a founding member of the Task Force. His for-sale signs were defaced with horns and swastikas; he counts 27 of them.¹⁴¹ At a Sandpoint event Butler asked Mend whether he hated him, and Mend answered, "I'm not a hater."¹

Norman Gissel and the Keenan team

Norman Gissel, a Coeur d'Alene lawyer who had represented the Task Force, was co-counsel for Victoria and Jason Keenan. The Amended Judgment lists Morris Dees, J. Richard Cohen and Peter Tepley of the SPLC, Gissel and Kenneth B. Howard of Coeur d'Alene as counsel for the plaintiffs.¹⁵ Stewart and Christie Wood wrote in 2020 that Stewart persuaded Victoria Keenan to meet Gissel, and that Dees recruited Stewart after his jury consultant died. Gissel later described the "$35 lawsuit" as the cost of an X-ray for Victoria after a rifle blow to the ribs, and said Dees used heavy security, backed by an affidavit about death threats, as theater. Stewart recruited about three dozen residents to screen a pool of 72 potential jurors, Gissel recalled. All of these are plaintiff-side recollections written years later.¹⁶¹⁷

Ken Howard offered a more complicated view in 2010: residents had tolerated Butler for reasons of free speech and religious freedom, and none of the bombings, shootings and murders in the region could be tied to Butler himself, he said.¹⁸ The defense lawyer, Edgar Steele, called the trial a "railroad job."¹⁹ The group's side also tried to turn the suit around: the amended complaint includes a third-party claim by Butler against Dees, Cohen, Tepley, the SPLC and Gissel. The outcome of that claim is unknown.¹⁵

The trial and the judge

Judge Charles W. Hosack of the Idaho First Judicial District presided over Keenan v. Aryan Nations, case CV 99-441, in Kootenai County state court. The Associated Press called him federal in its lead; the judgment shows he was a state judge.²⁰¹⁵

• Jury selection and openings, August 28 and 29, 2000. The Coeur d'Alene Press timeline records jury selection on Monday and openings on Tuesday.²¹
• September 1, the negligence ruling. Before the defense case, Hosack ruled that Butler and Michael Teague were negligent in appointing the security chief and supervising armed, drinking guards, and that the standard for punitive damages was met, subject to the jury. The ruling was independent of the group's views.²⁰
• Butler on the stand. Butler testified that he held absolute authority at headquarters, said of the guards, "I told them to watch," and called the movement a war of ideas. The plaintiffs' psychologist, Dr. Paul Domitor, testified about PTSD; a security expert, Anthony Potter, said trained guards would not have left the compound.²²²¹
• The defense case. The first defense witness, Charles Redfeairn, testified, "Pastor Butler is a nonviolent person."²¹
• September 7, closings and verdict. Dees spoke for about 90 minutes, Howard for the plaintiffs and Steele for the defense. The jury assigned 90 percent of the fault to Butler, Aryan Nations and Saphire, Inc., and 10 percent to Teague.¹⁹²³
• October 26, new trial denied. The AP quoted Hosack: "The defendants were liable for the actions caused by their hate."²⁴

The judgment totals $6,330,000, with interest at 11.25 percent. The punitive awards were set per defendant, and the research notes describe handwritten reductions to Teague's share in the amendment, so the defendants did not owe equal amounts. The SPLC puts Butler's total at $5.8 million, while 90 percent of the compensatory award plus the $4.8 million punitive award comes to about $5.1 million; the discrepancy is unreconciled, and the judgment's figures are used here.¹⁵

Police, sheriffs, mayors and the parade

Local officials were not always on the same side as the Task Force, and the record shows why. A city cannot refuse a march because of what the marchers believe.

• The permit, 1998. Steve Judy, a mayor newly elected at 28, faced a request to march on April 20, the anniversary of Hitler's birth. City attorney Jeff Jones advised that there was no constitutional way to deny it, according to a Harvard Kennedy School case abstract.²⁵
• July 18, 1998. The march took place. The SPLC counted about 90 marchers; the Spokesman-Review report published no head-count.²⁶²⁷ The Ninth Circuit, in Edwards v. City of Coeur d'Alene, later held a city ordinance on sign supports invalid after a protester was arrested over a sign handle; the opinion does not name Butler.²⁸ Five protesters arrested in 1998 sued, and the Spokesman-Review's editorial page said Kootenai County paid $80,000 to five of them.²⁹
• The 1999 route. The city proposed a Ramsey Road route toward the dump. With the ACLU of Idaho the group won an order from Chief U.S. District Judge Edward Lodge on July 9, 1999 for Sherman Avenue, and marched on July 10. Four blockaders were arrested, and Governor Kempthorne attended a rally at NIC.³⁰³¹ The ACLU is an advocacy organization; it argued for the group's right to speak.
• A young patrolman. Christie Wood, then a young patrolman, walked alongside the marchers to keep the sides apart. Arrests came from both sides and no one was seriously hurt.³
• 2000. Sheriff Rocky Watson promised arrests for anyone who crossed barriers at the October 2000 parade, and the Seattle-based United Front Against Fascism protested, according to AP coverage in the research notes.²⁴

The city's defense in the 1999 litigation drew private money: High Country News reported that lawyer David Burman was paid $40,000 and that resort owner Duane Hagadone backed the city's defense.³⁰

Neighbors

The Seattle Times interviewed residents of the Hayden Lake area in August 2000. Skip Kuck, who had lived in the area 27 years, said a skinhead told her she would be "perfect" for target practice. Virgil Vigil, who is Native American and has a mixed-race family, described the same atmosphere. County commissioner Ron Rankin called the group a magnet for media attention, and Bob Potter, an economic development official, described the cost to the area's image.¹⁴ Rankin and Potter were describing the group's effect on the region, not defending it.

2009 to 2012: small groups and a quiet response

After the compound closed, the sources show police and the Task Force dealing with small groups mostly through public statements about what the law allows. In April 2009 Coeur d'Alene police sergeant Christie Wood said racist fliers left on lawns were protected speech and that police would not investigate. In August 2009 police cited three men for distributing fliers; Task Force spokesman Stewart said hate speech is legal and hate crimes are not.³²³³ In 2012, when Shaun Winkler ran in the Republican primary for Bonner County sheriff, Sheriff Daryl Wheeler called the candidacy "an embarrassment to our beautiful community," former Sandpoint mayor Gretchen Hellar predicted he would get "maybe" his own vote, and Stewart said Winkler had "failed at this attempt." The community strategy, Boise State Public Radio reported, was to ignore him.³⁴³⁵

June 2022: the arrests and the response

On June 11, 2022 Coeur d'Alene police arrested 31 men they linked to Patriot Front on a charge of conspiracy to riot. Chief Lee White said the paperwork found on them was similar to an operations plan, denied that officers had infiltrated the group, and later said the department received about 150 threatening voicemails, about half of them menacing, some from as far as Norway.³⁶³⁷ Mayor Jim Hammond told NPR, "We're not going back to the days of the Aryan Nations."³⁸

• Sheriff Bob Norris, April 2022. KREM reported criticism of the Kootenai County sheriff for appearing at a rally that white nationalists also attended. Norris said he did not share the views of speakers he described as extremist and noted that a Black rapper performed. His exact words should be checked on the KREM page before anyone quotes them, and the report does not support inferences about his beliefs.³⁹
• State officials, June 13, 2022. The Idaho Capital Sun listed statements from Governor Little, Senator Crapo, Rep. Wintrow and the Idaho Democratic Party. Several other officials had not yet commented that Monday morning, which is not the same as refusing to comment.⁴⁰
• Residents. The Spokesman-Review collected reactions from locals condemning the group.⁴¹

Prosecutors and judges

The case against the arrested men went unevenly. A jury convicted five men of misdemeanor conspiracy to riot in July 2023 after deliberating about an hour, and the convictions apply to those five only.⁴² InvestigateWest reported that by February 2024 seven had been convicted, 20 had pleaded and four bench warrants were outstanding. The city prosecutor's office had four attorneys; the public defender could take one defendant, and private lawyers were paid $150 an hour. Judge Destry Randles, dismissing a related case, said he had never in ten years seen anything approaching that level of failure. Defense attorney Kinzo Mihara called the seizure of phones before a warrant "ludicrous." Kris Goldsmith, quoted in the same article, said local prosecutors should not have handled the case.⁴³ Magistrate John Cafferty dismissed the case against Patriot Front's leader, Thomas Rousseau, on November 3, 2023 for discovery and evidence-preservation failures, and the Kootenai County District Court affirmed the dismissal after an appeal argued on June 11, 2024. Rousseau has no Idaho conviction.⁴³⁴⁴

The federal case, 2024

A separate federal case shows a different kind of response. The Justice Department announced the sentences of five defendants in a plot to destroy energy facilities, using the headline wording "ties to white supremacy." The lesson relies only on what the releases say. Kryscuk, described as of Boise, received 78 months; Collins 120 months; and Hermanson 21 months in July 2024. Maurino received 21 months on October 25 and Duncan seven years on October 28, 2024. The October release places Duncan in Bailey, North Carolina, while an earlier plea release said Boise. The releases mention the Iron March forum and live-fire training near Boise. This case was prosecuted federally, not by an Idaho county, and the sources read here report no local Idaho response beyond the case itself.⁴⁵

Counting hate crimes: the Idaho State Police report

The Idaho State Police report Crime in Idaho 2025, released July 29, 2026, lists 52 hate crime incidents for 2025, down 23.53 percent from 2024. That decline implies 68 incidents in 2024 (this is my arithmetic from the report's percentage). By motive: 28 racial (22 of them anti-Black), 9 sexual orientation, 7 ethnicity, 7 religion (2 of them anti-Jewish) and 1 disability. Boise police reported 14, Post Falls 3 and Rathdrum 2.⁴⁶⁴⁷ These are incidents that police classified as bias motivated. The report counts offenses, not members of groups, and it does not say that any of the 52 involved an organized group.

Timeline

Who dealt with whom

People	What happened	Source and stance
Butler and Mend	Butler asked whether Mend hated him; Mend said he was not a hater.	Mend's recollection, The Fig Tree 2016. Second hand.
Task Force and Aryan Nations men	Five or six men stood at the back of the February 1981 meeting and stared; the meeting went on.	Mend; Coeur d'Alene Press 2025. Task Force side.
Stewart, Butler and Walker	Debate at the Popcorn Forum; Butler complained he had been sandbagged.	Stewart, Spokesman-Review 2007. First hand, adverse to Butler.
Butler and Wassmuth	Butler called the priest a closet Jew; Wassmuth called the pipe bomb an attempt to remodel his house.	High Country News 2002; Coeur d'Alene Press. Neutral reporting.
Patrolman Christie Wood and the marchers	Wood walked beside the marchers and kept the sides apart.	Christian Science Monitor 2017. Second hand.
ACLU, Judge Lodge and the city	The ACLU won an order for the Sherman Avenue route; the city had proposed Ramsey Road.	ACLU release 1999 (advocacy); High Country News 1999.
Judge Hosack, Butler and Teague	The judge ruled them negligent before the defense case.	AP via Seattle Times 2000. Neutral.
Warfield, Yeager and the plaintiffs' lawyers	The guards' letters conflicted with their testimony.	Spokesman-Review 2000. Neutral.
Sheriff Wheeler and Winkler	The sheriff called the candidacy an embarrassment.	Northwest News Network 2012. Neutral.
Chief White and callers	About 150 threatening voicemails followed the arrests.	ABC News 2022; Yahoo News 2022. Official statement.
Judge Randles and prosecutors	The judge criticized the handling of a related case; the city had four prosecutors.	InvestigateWest 2024. Adverse reporting.

What this lesson could not confirm

• A clergy letter. A letter from local clergy was requested for this lesson. None of the sources opened describes one, so none is described here. Clergy appear in the record as individuals: Father Wassmuth, the pastor who served as the Task Force's first president, and the First Christian Church, whose basement hosted the founding meeting.
• Counterdemonstration size. The only attendance number for the 1986 rally afterward is the Monitor's "more than 1,000." No second count was found.
• The Wassmuth chair date and the first president's name (see above).
• Idaho Human Rights Commission testimony. A 1989 Twin Falls hearing was identified by ChatGPT research as a lead and has not been checked.
• The Task Force records at North Idaho College and the Wassmuth Center remarks of 2025 were identified but not opened.
• Appeals. No appeal opinion in the Keenan case was found, and the search of court databases was limited. The absence of an opinion is not proof that none exists.

Learn more

• Wassmuth Center for Human Rights: The Boise education center and memorial.
• Idaho State Police, Hate Crime in Idaho: The annual state report.
• SPLC case docket: The plaintiffs' summary of the Keenan case, with the judgment.

Notes

1. "Marshall Mend" profile, The Fig Tree, May 2016. Read it online. Mend's own recollections; a founding member of the Task Force. ↩
2. "Huckleberries: Sweet as Rosen," Coeur d'Alene Press, January 12, 2025. Read it online. ↩
3. "The Idaho community that drove out hate," Christian Science Monitor, August 31, 2017. Read it online. Includes Stewart's account of the rules he and Gissel set. ↩
4. "Kootenai County Task Force on Human Relations" profile, The Fig Tree, September 2011. Read it online. ↩
5. "Bill Wassmuth: Rights activist took on Aryan Nations," Seattle Times, August 29, 2002. Read it online. Obituary. ↩
6. Rocky Barker, "Idaho seeks a reputation and a reality free of hate," High Country News, September 30, 2002. Read it online. ↩
7. Cheryl Sullivan, "Idaho town fights back," Christian Science Monitor, January 13, 1987. Read it online. Read through a summary; the short quotes were confirmed there. ↩
8. "Bomb blast reverberates 35 years later," Coeur d'Alene Press, September 17, 2021. Read it online. Read through a summary. ↩
9. "A small band of white supremacists arrested," UPI, October 9, 1986. Read it online. Read through a summary. It reports accusations at the hearing stage; outcomes are in lesson 8. ↩
10. Tom Alibrandi and Bill Wassmuth, Hate Is My Neighbor, 1999 (catalog listing). Read it online. Book not read; publisher unconfirmed. ↩
11. Wassmuth Center for Human Rights. Read it online. ↩
12. "Q&A with Tony Stewart," Spokesman-Review, June 10, 2007. Read it online. Stewart speaking about his own experience. ↩
13. "Region rejected gospel of hate," Spokesman-Review opinion, September 9, 2004. Read it online. Opinion. ↩
14. Stuart Eskenazi, "Fighting back against hate groups," Seattle Times, August 30, 2000. Read it online. ↩
15. Keenan v. Aryan Nations, No. CV 99-441, Amended Judgment, Kootenai County District Court (Judge Charles W. Hosack). Read it online. Court record hosted by the plaintiffs' counsel (SPLC); read through OCR that is partly garbled. Judge, parties and amounts are legible. ↩
16. Tony Stewart and Christie Wood, "The verdict that doomed the Aryan Nations," Bonner County Daily Bee, September 6, 2020. Read it online. Participants' recollections twenty years later, from the plaintiffs' side. ↩
17. "Lawyer recounts legal rout of Aryan Nations," Spokesman-Review, April 4, 2009. Read it online. Gissel's recollection nine years after the trial. ↩
18. "North Idaho marks 10 years since Aryan Nations verdict," Spokesman-Review, September 7, 2010. Read it online. ↩
19. Bill Morlin, "Plaintiffs ask $11.26 million from Aryans (case goes to jury)," Spokesman-Review, September 7, 2000. Read it online. Reports the closing arguments. ↩
20. "Aryan Nations negligent, judge rules in civil case," Seattle Times (AP), September 3, 2000. Read it online. The AP lead calls Judge Hosack federal; he is an Idaho First Judicial District judge. ↩
21. "Aryan Nations trial timeline," Coeur d'Alene Press, September 6, 2020. Read it online. Hartman's testimony in this timeline is single-source. ↩
22. Stephan Kaufman, "Aryan Leader Admits He's Top Dog," CBS News, September 2, 2000. Read it online. Reports Butler's trial testimony. ↩
23. "Jury finds Butler, Aryan Nations negligent; awards $6.3 million in assault," Spokesman-Review, September 8, 2000 (archive copy dated 2001). Read it online. The phrase "grossly negligent" in some coverage is a reporter's gloss. ↩
24. "Court upholds judgment against Butler; neo-Nazi vows to continue cause of hate," AP via HeraldNet, October 26, 2000. Read it online. The Coeur d'Alene Press timeline gives October 27 for the ruling; the AP date is used here. ↩
25. Howard Husock, "Mayor Steve Judy of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho and the Parade Permit Request by Neo-Nazis," Harvard Kennedy School case. Read it online. Abstract only. ↩
26. "Aryan Nations Leader Richard Girnt Butler in Final Days of Life," SPLC Intelligence Report, issue 91, 1998. Read it online. Advocacy source; a long profile read in full. ↩
27. Bill Morlin, "A few old racist friends join Butler, 80; Aryan leader calls parade a success," Spokesman-Review, July 19, 1998. Read it online. ↩
28. Edwards v. City of Coeur d'Alene, No. 00-35537 (9th Cir. August 21, 2001). Read it online. Full opinion read. It does not name Butler. ↩
29. D. F. Oliveria, "Aryan protesters test our patience," Spokesman-Review editorial, November 14, 1999. Read it online. ↩
30. Stephen Lyons, "An ugly message marches down an Idaho street," High Country News, August 16, 1999. Read it online. ↩
31. ACLU of Idaho, press release, July 9, 1999, "Idaho court allows Aryan Nations to march." Read it online. Advocacy source; the ACLU argued for the group's speech rights. The order itself was not located. ↩
32. Alison Boggs, "Racist group leaves fliers on lawns," Spokesman-Review, April 18, 2009. Read it online. O'Brien's quotes are his own. ↩
33. Meghann M. Cuniff, "North Idaho men cited for distributing racist fliers," Spokesman-Review, August 10, 2009. Read it online. Citations are not convictions. ↩
34. Jessica Robinson with Matt McKnight, "Failed compound illustrates disarray in white supremacy movement," Northwest News Network, November 29, 2012. Read it online. Winkler's interview quotes are his own. ↩
35. Jessica Robinson, "Strategy against KKK candidate is to ignore him," Boise State Public Radio, March 19, 2012. Read it online. ↩
36. "They came to riot": Idaho police statements, Chief Lee White press conference, ABC News (AP), June 12, 2022. Read it online. ↩
37. "Coeur d'Alene police receive threats after arresting Patriot Front," Yahoo News (syndicated), June 13, 2022. Read it online. No byline in the copy read. ↩
38. Odette Yousef, "Idaho's fight against the far right, then and now," NPR, June 27, 2022 (transcript). Read it online. The phrase "far right" is NPR's label. ↩
39. "Kootenai County sheriff criticized for appearing at rally attended by white nationalists," KREM, April 2022. Read it online. The sheriff's exact words should be checked on the page before they are quoted. ↩
40. Audrey Dutton and Kelcie Moseley-Morris, "Idaho political leaders, groups react to reports of Patriot Front arrests in Coeur d'Alene," Idaho Capital Sun, June 13, 2022. Read it online. A snapshot as of June 13 only; "no comment yet" is not a refusal. ↩
41. Garrett Cabeza, "Locals condemn white nationalist group's actions in Coeur d'Alene," Spokesman-Review, June 12, 2022. Read it online. ↩
42. "White nationalists convicted of planning to riot at Idaho Pride event," NBC News, July 20, 2023. Read it online. NBC's label "white nationalists." The middle name of one defendant differs from the SPLC's listing. ↩
43. Daniel Walters, "How North Idaho prosecutors lost the case against Patriot Front's white nationalist leader," InvestigateWest, February 8, 2024 (republished by the Idaho Capital Sun, February 12, 2024). Read it online. ↩
44. State v. Thomas Rousseau, No. CR28-22-8737, memorandum decision on appeal, Kootenai County District Court, July 10, 2024. Read it online. The decision was read in an excerpt. The date comes from the file name and a source register; confirm the date and judge on the full PDF. ↩
45. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, "Defendants with ties to white supremacy sentenced in connection with plot to destroy energy facilities," July and October 2024. Read it online. The headline wording is the Justice Department's. The July and October 2024 sentences came in separate announcements; confirm the two release pages. ↩
46. Idaho State Police, "Crime in Idaho 2025," section 7, "Hate Crime in Idaho." Read it online. Primary government report. ↩
47. Idaho State Police, "2025 Crime in Idaho report released," July 29, 2026. Read it online. ↩